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Akatswiri otsogola mu RF dosimetry amagawa zowawa za 5G-ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuwonekera ndi mlingo

Kenneth R. Foster ali ndi zaka zambiri akuphunzira ma radiation pafupipafupi (RF) ndi zotsatira zake pa machitidwe achilengedwe.Tsopano, adalemba nawo kafukufuku watsopano pamutuwu ndi ofufuza ena awiri, Marvin Ziskin ndi Quirino Balzano.Pamodzi, atatu a iwo (onse omwe adagwira ntchito ya IEEE) ali ndi zaka zoposa zana pamutuwu.
Kafukufukuyu, wofalitsidwa mu International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health mu February, adayang'ana zaka zapitazi za 75 za kafukufuku wa RF exposure assessment ndi dosimetry.M'menemo, olemba nawo amafotokoza momwe ntchitoyi yapitira patsogolo komanso chifukwa chake amawona kuti ndi nkhani yopambana ya sayansi.
IEEE Spectrum idalankhula kudzera pa imelo ndi pulofesa waku University of Pennsylvania emeritus Foster.Tinkafuna kudziwa zambiri za chifukwa chake maphunziro owunikira ma RF ali opambana kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa RF dosimetry kukhala yovuta kwambiri, komanso chifukwa chake nkhawa za anthu okhudzana ndi thanzi ndi ma radiation opanda zingwe sizikuwoneka ngati zikutha.
Kwa omwe sakudziwa kusiyana kwake, pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kuwonetseredwa ndi mlingo?

Kenneth Foster: Pankhani ya chitetezo cha RF, kuwonekera kumatanthawuza kumunda kunja kwa thupi, ndipo mlingo umatanthawuza mphamvu yomwe imatengedwa mkati mwa thupi.
"Kuti muwunikenso bwino kafukufuku wokhudza zamoyo za 5G, onani nkhani ya [Ken] Karipidis, yomwe inapeza 'palibe umboni wotsimikizirika wakuti madera otsika a RF pamwamba pa 6 GHz, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maukonde a 5G, ndi ovulaza thanzi laumunthu.' "" - Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Foster: Kuyeza minda ya RF mu malo omasuka si vuto.Vuto lenileni lomwe limakhalapo nthawi zina ndilo kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a RF.Mwachitsanzo, asayansi ambiri akufufuza RF field levels mu chilengedwe kuti athetsere nkhawa za thanzi la anthu.Poganizira kuchuluka kwa magwero a RF m'chilengedwe komanso kuwonongeka kwachangu kwa RF munda kuchokera ku gwero lililonse, izi sizinthu zosavuta kuziyika. vuto lenileni, makamaka kwa asayansi ochepa omwe amayesa kutero.

Pamene inu ndi olemba anzanu munalemba nkhani yanu ya IJERPH, cholinga chanu chinali kunena za kupambana ndi zovuta za dosimetric za maphunziro owunika? Foster: Cholinga chathu ndikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kodabwitsa komwe kafukufuku wowunikira wapanga m'zaka zapitazi, zomwe zawonjezera kumveka bwino pakusanthula kwachilengedwe kwamphamvu zamawayilesi pafupipafupi pazachipatala komanso zathandizira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo.
Kodi zida zamtunduwu zakhala zikuyenda bwino bwanji?Kodi mungandiwuze zida zomwe munali nazo poyambira ntchito yanu, mwachitsanzo, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zilipo masiku ano?Kodi zida zotsogola zimathandizira bwanji pakuwunika bwino?
Foster: Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera magawo a RF pa kafukufuku wa zaumoyo ndi chitetezo zikucheperachepera komanso zamphamvu kwambiri. Ndani akanaganiza zaka makumi angapo zapitazo kuti zida zamalonda zingakhale zolimba kuti zibweretse kuntchito, zomwe zimatha kuyeza madera a RF olimba kwambiri kuti abweretse ngozi kuntchito, komabe zomveka bwino kuti athe kuyeza madera ofooka kuchokera ku tinyanga takutali, kudziwa nthawi yomwe akuchokera?
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani umisiri wopanda zingwe ukalowa m'mabandi atsopano a ma frequency—mwachitsanzo, mafunde a millimeter ndi terahertz pama cell, kapena 6 GHz pa Wi-Fi?
Foster: Apanso, vutoli likukhudzana ndi zovuta zowonongeka, osati zida.Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira ma cell a 5G apamwamba amatulutsa zitsulo zambiri zomwe zimadutsa mumlengalenga.Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwerengera kuwonetsetsa kwa anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi malo a selo kuti atsimikizire kuti kuwonetseredwa kuli kotetezeka (monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse).
"Ineyo pandekha ndikuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yowonera pakompyuta pakukula kwa ana komanso nkhani zachinsinsi." – Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Ngati kuunikira kuwonetseredwa ndi vuto lothetsedwa, nchiyani chimapangitsa kulumpha mu dosimetry yolondola kukhala kovuta kwambiri?
Foster: Dosimetry ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa kuwunika momwe munthu akudziwira. Simungathe kuyika kafukufuku wa RF m'thupi la munthu wina. Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe mungafune kudziwa izi, monga mankhwala ochizira matenda a khansa, pamene minofu iyenera kutenthedwa mpaka kufika pamiyeso yomwe yatchulidwa ndendende. Kutentha pang'ono ndipo palibe chithandizo chamankhwala, mochuluka ndipo mudzawotcha wodwalayo.
Kodi mungandiuze zambiri za momwe dosimetry imachitikira lero?
Foster: Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mamita akale a RF kuyeza malo omwe ali mumlengalenga pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Izi zili choncho ndi ntchito yachitetezo chapantchito, pomwe muyenera kuyeza ma frequency a wailesi omwe amapezeka pamitu ya ogwira ntchito. kupita patsogolo kofunikira muukadaulo.Pakafukufuku wa RF biological effects (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito tinyanga toikidwa pa nyama), ndikofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za RF zomwe zimatengedwa m'thupi komanso komwe zimapita.Simungangogwedeza foni yanu pamaso pa nyama ngati gwero la kuwonetseredwa (koma ofufuza ena amachita).Pa maphunziro ena akuluakulu, monga posachedwapa National Toxicology Programme yokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi moyo wa computed mphamvu ya computed for lifetime. dosimetry.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi chifukwa chiyani pali nkhawa zambiri zomwe zikuchitikabe zokhuza ma radiation opanda zingwe kotero kuti anthu amayesa kuchuluka kwawo kunyumba?

Foster: Kuzindikira zoopsa ndi bizinesi yovuta.Makhalidwe a ma radio radiation nthawi zambiri amakhala odetsa nkhawa.Simungathe kuziwona, palibe kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa kuwonekera ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu ena amadandaula nazo, anthu amakonda kusokoneza mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi (yopanda ionizing, kutanthauza kuti ma photon ake ndi ofooka kwambiri kuti athetse mgwirizano wa mankhwala) ndi ionizing X-ray, ndi zina zotero. osatha kusonyeza kukhudzidwa kumeneku mu maphunziro akhungu ndi olamulidwa bwino.Anthu ena amawopsezedwa ndi chiwerengero cha antenna omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhulana opanda waya.Mabuku a sayansi ali ndi malipoti ambiri okhudzana ndi thanzi la khalidwe losiyana lomwe munthu angapeze nkhani yowopsya.

Kuwunika kwachidziwitso kumathandizira pa izi.Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugula zowunikira zotsika mtengo koma zomvera kwambiri za RF ndikufufuza ma siginecha a RF m'malo awo, omwe alipo ambiri.Zina mwa zidazi "dinani" pamene akuyesa kugunda kwa ma radio pafupipafupi kuchokera ku zida monga ma Wi-Fi, ndipo zidzamveka ngati kauntala ya Geiger mu nyukiliya ya nyukiliya kudziko lonse lapansi. ntchito.
Chaka chatha, British Medical Journal inafalitsa mawu oti ayimitse kutumiza kwa 5G mpaka chitetezo chaukadaulo chitsimikizidwe. Mukuganiza bwanji za mafoniwa? Kodi mukuganiza kuti athandizira kudziwitsa anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi thanzi la kuwonetsa kwa RF, kapena kuyambitsa chisokonezo? Foster: Mukunena malingaliro a [katswiri wa miliri John] amangoyitanitsa kafukufuku wochuluka, koma osachepera mmodzi - bungwe la zaumoyo la Dutch - layitanitsa kuimitsidwa kwa kutulutsidwa kwa gulu lapamwamba la 5G mpaka kafukufuku wochuluka wa chitetezo atatha.
M'nkhani yake, Frank akulemba kuti, "Mphamvu zomwe zikubwera za kafukufuku wa labotale zimasonyeza kuti [radio-frequency electromagnetic fields] zowononga zamoyo za RF-EMF."

Ndilo vuto: pali maphunziro masauzande a RF biological effects m'mabuku. Mapeto, kufunikira kwa thanzi, khalidwe la maphunziro ndi miyeso yowonekera zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana.Ambiri a iwo adanena za zotsatira za mtundu wina, pa maulendo onse ndi magulu onse owonetsera. Awaunika mozama kuchokera ku mabungwe azaumoyo. Awa akhala akulephera kupeza umboni womveka bwino wa zotsatirapo zoyipa za madera ozungulira a RF.
Frank adadandaula za kusagwirizana pokambirana pagulu "5G" -- koma adalakwitsa chimodzimodzi posatchula maulendo afupipafupi ponena za 5G. M'malo mwake, otsika ndi apakati a gulu la 5G amagwira ntchito pafupipafupi pafupi ndi magulu amakono amakono ndipo sakuwoneka kuti akupereka nkhani zatsopano. Zotsatira zachilengedwe pazigawozi, koma mphamvuyo simalowa pakhungu, ndipo mabungwe azaumoyo sananenepo zachitetezo chake pamilingo yofanana.
Frank sanatchule zomwe akufuna kuchita asanatulutse "5G," zilizonse zomwe amatanthawuza. [FCC] imafuna kuti omwe ali ndi zilolezo azitsatira malire ake, omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe ali m'mayiko ena ambiri.

Kuti muwunikenso mwatsatanetsatane kafukufuku wa 5G wachilengedwe, onani nkhani ya [Ken] Karipidis, yomwe idapeza kuti "palibe umboni wotsimikiza kuti madera otsika a RF omwe ali pamwamba pa 6 GHz, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maukonde a 5G, ndi ovulaza thanzi la munthu. Ndemangayi idafunanso kafukufuku wochulukirapo.
Zolemba za sayansi ndizosakanizika, koma mpaka pano, mabungwe azaumoyo sanapeze umboni womveka bwino wa ngozi za thanzi kuchokera kumadera omwe ali ndi RF.
Boma limapanga ndalama zambiri zogulitsa masewero a mauthenga a 5G, ndipo liyenera kuyikapo zina mwazofukufuku zapamwamba zathanzi, makamaka gulu lapamwamba la 5G.Payekha, ndikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe zingakhudzire nthawi yowonetsera nthawi yochuluka pa chitukuko cha ana ndi nkhani zachinsinsi.
Kodi pali njira zowongoleredwa za ntchito ya dosimetry? Ngati ndi choncho, ndi zitsanzo ziti zosangalatsa kapena zodalirika?

Foster: Mwina kutsogola kwakukulu kuli mu computational dosimetry ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa finite difference time domain (FDTD) njira ndi mawerengero a thupi kutengera mawonekedwe apamwamba azachipatala. Izi zimalola kuwerengera bwino kwambiri kwa mayamwidwe amthupi a RF mphamvu kuchokera ku gwero lililonse.Computational dosimetry yapereka moyo watsopano kuchiza matenda a khansa, kukula kwa khansa, komanso chitukuko Makina oyerekeza a MRI ndi matekinoloje ena ambiri azachipatala.
Michael Koziol ndi mkonzi wothandizana nawo ku IEEE Spectrum, wokhudza madera onse a telecommunications.Iye ndi wophunzira ku Seattle University yemwe ali ndi BA in English ndi Physics, ndi MA mu Science Journalism kuchokera ku yunivesite ya New York.
Mu 1992, Asad M. Madni adatenga udindo wa BEI Sensors and Controls, kuyang'anira mzere wa mankhwala omwe amaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masensa ndi zipangizo zoyendetsa ndege, koma anali ndi makasitomala ang'onoang'ono-makamaka mafakitale oyendetsa ndege ndi chitetezo.

Cold War inatha ndipo chitetezo cha US chinagwa.Ndipo bizinesi sichidzachira posachedwa.BEI inkafunika kuzindikira ndi kukopa makasitomala atsopano.
Kupeza makasitomalawa kumafuna kusiya makina opangira ma inertial sensors a kampani m'malo mwaukadaulo watsopano wa quartz wosatsimikizika, masensa ang'onoang'ono a quartz, ndikusintha wopanga yemwe amapanga masauzande masauzande a masensa okwera mtengo pachaka kuti apange mamiliyoni otsika mtengo. wopanga sensa.
Madni anakankhira mwamphamvu kuti zitheke ndipo zinapindula kwambiri kuposa momwe aliyense akanaganizira za GyroChip.Sensa yotsika mtengo ya inertial yoyezera ndi yoyamba ya mtundu wake kuti igwirizane ndi galimoto, zomwe zimathandiza kuti magetsi a magetsi (ESC) azindikire kutsetsereka ndi kuyendetsa mabuleki kuti ateteze rollovers. 7,000 amakhala ku United States kokha, malinga ndi National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Zipangizozi zikupitirizabe kukhala pamtima pa ndege zosawerengeka zamalonda ndi zapadera, komanso njira zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka mizinga ya US.Inapitanso ku Mars monga gawo la Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Udindo wapano: Pulofesa Wodziwika Wothandizira ku UCLA; Purezidenti wopuma, CEO ndi CTO wa BEI Technologies

Maphunziro: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 ndi 1972, MS, UCLA, onse mu Electrical Engineering; Ph.D., California Coast University, 1987
Ngwazi: Kaŵirikaŵiri, atate anandiphunzitsa mmene ndingaphunzire, kukhala munthu, ndi tanthauzo la chikondi, chifundo, ndi chifundo; mu luso, Michelangelo; mu sayansi, Albert Einstein; mu engineering In, Claude Shannon
Nyimbo zomwe amakonda: M'nyimbo zakumadzulo, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Nyimbo zaku Eastern, Ghazals
Mamembala a bungwe: IEEE Life Fellow; US National Academy of Engineering; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Canadian Academy of Engineering
Mphotho yofunikira kwambiri: Mendulo ya Ulemu ya IEEE: "Zothandizira pochita upainiya pa chitukuko ndi malonda a matekinoloje anzeru ndi machitidwe, ndi utsogoleri wopambana pa kafukufuku"; UCLA Alumni of the Year 2004
Madni adalandira Mendulo ya Ulemu ya 2022 IEEE pochita upainiya GyroChip, pakati pa zopereka zina pakukula kwaukadaulo ndi utsogoleri wofufuza.
Engineering sinali ntchito yoyamba yosankha ya Madni. Ankafuna kukhala wojambula bwino. Koma mkhalidwe wachuma wa banja lake ku Mumbai, India (pamenepo Mumbai) m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 adamutembenuzira ku uinjiniya-makamaka zamagetsi, chifukwa cha chidwi chake pazatsopano zatsopano zomwe zili m'thumba la transistor ku United States66 ku College adasamukira ku19 radio radio. New York City, yomwe idapangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 kuti iphunzitse ogwiritsa ntchito opanda zingwe ndi akatswiri.
"Ndikufuna kukhala injiniya yemwe amatha kupanga zinthu," adatero Madeney, "ndikuchita zinthu zomwe pamapeto pake zidzakhudza anthu.

Madni adalowa UCLA mu 1969 ndi digiri ya bachelor mu engineering yamagetsi patatha zaka ziwiri mu pulogalamu ya Electronics Technology ku RCA College.Anapitiliza kuchita masters ndi doctorate, pogwiritsa ntchito digito signal processing ndi frequency domain reflectometry kusanthula machitidwe a telecommunication chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake. monga mainjiniya omwe amapanga zotumphukira zamakompyuta ku Pertec.
Kenako, mu 1975, yemwe anali atangokwatirana kumene komanso ataumirira mnzake wa m'kalasi, adafunsira ntchito ku dipatimenti ya microwave ya Systron Donner.
Madni anayamba kupanga dziko loyamba la spectrum analyzer ndi kusungirako digito ku Systron Donner.Iye anali asanagwiritsepo ntchito spectrum analyzer kale-iwo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri panthawiyo-koma ankadziwa bwino chiphunzitsocho kuti adzitsimikizire kuti atenge ntchitoyo.Kenako adakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi akuyesa, kupeza chidziwitso chothandizira ndi chidacho asanayese kukonzanso.
Ntchitoyi inatenga zaka ziwiri ndipo, malinga ndi Madni, inachititsa kuti pakhale zovomerezeka zitatu zofunika, kuyambira "kukwera kwake ku zinthu zazikulu ndi zabwino." Anamuphunzitsanso kuyamikira kusiyana pakati pa "zomwe zikutanthawuza kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso ndi kugulitsa zipangizo zamakono zomwe zingathandize ena," adatero.

Titha kusinthanso magawo a rf passive malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. Mutha kulowa patsamba losintha kuti mupereke zomwe mukufuna.
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