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Akatswiri otsogola mu RF dosimetry akufotokoza za ululu wa 5G—ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuwonetsedwa ndi mlingo

Kenneth R. Foster ali ndi zaka zambiri akuphunzira za ma radiation a ma radio frequency (RF) ndi momwe amakhudzira machitidwe a zamoyo. Tsopano, walemba kafukufuku watsopano pankhaniyi ndi ofufuza ena awiri, Marvin Ziskin ndi Quirino Balzano. Onse pamodzi, atatuwa (onse omwe ndi ophunzira a IEEE) ali ndi zaka zoposa zana akudziwa nkhaniyi.
Kafukufukuyu, wofalitsidwa mu International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health mu February, adayang'ana zaka 75 zapitazi za kafukufuku wokhudza kuwunika kwa RF exposure assessment ndi dosimetry. M'nkhaniyi, olemba nawo ntchito amafotokoza momwe ntchitoyi yapitira patsogolo komanso chifukwa chake amaona kuti ndi nkhani yopambana yasayansi.
IEEE Spectrum inalankhula kudzera pa imelo ndi pulofesa wa ku University of Pennsylvania emeritus Foster. Tinkafuna kudziwa zambiri za chifukwa chake maphunziro owunikira kuchuluka kwa RF ndi opambana kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti RF dosimetry ikhale yovuta kwambiri, komanso chifukwa chake nkhawa za anthu pa zaumoyo ndi ma radiation opanda zingwe sizikuoneka kuti zatha.
Kwa iwo omwe sadziwa kusiyana kwake, kodi kusiyana pakati pa kumwa mankhwalawa ndi mlingo wake ndi kotani?

Kenneth Foster: Ponena za chitetezo cha RF, kukhudzana ndi mpweya kumatanthauza mphamvu yomwe imalowa m'thupi, ndipo mlingo wake umatanthauza mphamvu yomwe imalowa m'thupi. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zambiri - mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wazachipatala, zaumoyo pantchito, komanso chitetezo cha zamagetsi kwa ogula.
"Kuti mumve bwino kafukufuku wokhudza zotsatira za 5G m'chilengedwe, onani nkhani ya [Ken] Karipidis, yomwe sinapeze umboni wokwanira wakuti minda ya RF yotsika kwambiri kuposa 6 GHz, monga yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma netiweki a 5G, ndi yovulaza thanzi la anthu." "" -- Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Foster: Kuyeza minda ya RF pamalo omasuka si vuto. Vuto lenileni lomwe limabwera nthawi zina ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa RF. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi ambiri akufufuza kuchuluka kwa RF m'malo ozungulira kuti athetse mavuto azaumoyo. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa magwero a RF m'malo ozungulira komanso kuwonongeka mwachangu kwa RF kuchokera ku gwero lililonse, iyi si ntchito yophweka. Kufotokozera molondola momwe munthu alili ndi RF m'malo ozungulira ndi vuto lenileni, makamaka kwa asayansi ochepa omwe amayesa kutero.

Pamene inu ndi olemba anzanu munalemba nkhani yanu ya IJERPH, kodi cholinga chanu chinali kuwonetsa kupambana ndi zovuta za dosimetric za maphunziro owunikira kukhudzidwa kwa chidziwitso? Foster: Cholinga chathu ndikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu komwe kafukufuku wowunikira kukhudzidwa kwa chidziwitso wapanga pazaka zambiri, zomwe zawonjezera kumveka bwino pakuphunzira za zotsatira za chilengedwe cha ma wailesi ndipo zatsogolera patsogolo kwambiri muukadaulo wazachipatala.
Kodi zida zamakono m'magawo awa zasintha bwanji? Kodi mungandiuze zida zomwe zinalipo poyamba ntchito yanu, mwachitsanzo, poyerekeza ndi zomwe zilipo masiku ano? Kodi zida zamakono zimathandiza bwanji kuti mayeso owunikira awonetsedwe bwino?
Foster: Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa minda ya RF mu kafukufuku wa zaumoyo ndi chitetezo zikuchepa komanso kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri. Ndani akanaganiza zaka makumi angapo zapitazo kuti zida zamalonda zidzakhala zolimba mokwanira kuti zibweretsedwe kuntchito, zokhoza kuyeza minda ya RF yolimba mokwanira kuti ibweretse ngozi kuntchito, koma zomvera mokwanira kuti ziyeze minda yofooka kuchokera ku ma antenna akutali? Nthawi yomweyo, dziwani kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro kuti mudziwe komwe chimachokera?
Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani ukadaulo wopanda zingwe ukayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency band atsopano—monga ma millimeter ndi terahertz waves a cellular, kapena 6 GHz ya Wi-Fi?
Foster: Apanso, vutoli likukhudzana ndi zovuta za momwe zinthu zilili, osati zida. Mwachitsanzo, malo osungira ma cell a 5G okhala ndi band yayikulu amatulutsa kuwala kosiyanasiyana komwe kumadutsa mumlengalenga. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi malo osungira ma cell kuti atsimikizire kuti kukhudzana ndi matendawa kuli kotetezeka (monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse).
"Ine ndekha ndikuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi momwe nthawi yambiri yowonera pa TV ingakhudzire chitukuko cha ana komanso nkhani zachinsinsi." - Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Ngati kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili ndi vuto lomwe lathetsedwa, nchiyani chimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa dosimetry yolondola kukhale kovuta kwambiri? N’chiyani chimapangitsa koyamba kukhala kosavuta kuposa komaliza?
Foster: Dosimetry ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa kuwunika momwe munthu alili. Nthawi zambiri simungathe kuyika choyezera cha RF m'thupi la munthu. Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe mungafunikire izi, monga pochiza matenda a hyperthermia pochiza khansa, komwe minofu iyenera kutenthedwa mpaka milingo yodziwika bwino. Kutentha pang'ono kwambiri ndipo palibe phindu la chithandizo, kuchuluka kwambiri ndipo mudzawotcha wodwalayo.
Kodi mungandiuze zambiri za momwe dosimetry imachitikira lero? Ngati simungathe kuyika chofufuzira m'thupi la munthu, ndi chiyani china chabwino chomwe mungachite?
Foster: Palibe vuto kugwiritsa ntchito mita za RF zakale poyesa minda mumlengalenga pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pa ntchito yoteteza kuntchito, komwe muyenera kuyeza minda ya ma radio frequency yomwe imachitika m'matupi a ogwira ntchito. Pa matenda oopsa a hyperthermia, mungafunikebe kuyika odwala ndi ma thermal probes, koma computational dosimetry yasintha kwambiri kulondola kwa kuyeza kutentha ndipo yatsogolera ku kupita patsogolo kwakukulu muukadaulo. Pa maphunziro a zotsatira za RF biological (monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma antenna omwe amaikidwa pa nyama), ndikofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya RF yomwe imalowa m'thupi ndi komwe imapita. Simungangoyendetsa foni yanu patsogolo pa nyama ngati gwero la kuwonetsedwa (koma ofufuza ena amachita). Pa maphunziro ena akuluakulu, monga kafukufuku waposachedwa wa National Toxicology Program wokhudza kuwonetsedwa kwa mphamvu ya RF m'makoswe nthawi zonse, palibe njira ina yosiyana ndi computed dosimetry.
Mukuganiza kuti n’chifukwa chiyani pali nkhawa zambiri zokhudza mphamvu ya kuwala kwa zingwe zomwe anthu amayesa kuchuluka kwa madzi m’nyumba zawo?

Foster: Kuzindikira zoopsa ndi nkhani yovuta. Makhalidwe a radiation ya wailesi nthawi zambiri amayambitsa nkhawa. Simungathe kuiona, palibe kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa kuwonetsedwa ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu ena amadandaula nazo, anthu amakonda kusokoneza mphamvu ya ma radio frequency (osati ionizing, kutanthauza kuti ma photon ake ndi ofooka kwambiri kuti aswe ma bond a mankhwala) ndi ma X-ray a ionizing, ndi zina zotero. Radiation (yoopsa kwambiri). Ena amakhulupirira kuti "amakhudzidwa kwambiri" ndi radiation yopanda zingwe, ngakhale asayansi alephera kuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kumeneku m'maphunziro osawoneka bwino komanso olamulidwa. Anthu ena amaona kuti akuopsezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ma antenna omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana opanda zingwe. Mabuku asayansi ali ndi malipoti ambiri okhudzana ndi thanzi lapamwamba lomwe munthu angapeze nkhani yoopsa. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti pakhoza kukhala vuto la thanzi (ngakhale bungwe la zaumoyo linapeza kuti silinadandaule kwambiri koma linati "kafukufuku wowonjezera" akufunika). Mndandandawu ukupitirira.

Kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili kumathandiza kwambiri pa izi. Ogula amatha kugula zida zoyesera za RF zotsika mtengo koma zodziwika bwino ndikufufuza zizindikiro za RF m'malo awo, zomwe zilipo zambiri. Zina mwa zidazi "zimadina" pamene zimayesa ma frequency pulses a wailesi kuchokera kuzipangizo monga malo olowera a Wi-Fi, ndipo zimamveka ngati kauntala ya Geiger mu reactor ya nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi. Zowopsa. Ma RF mita ena amagulitsidwanso kuti asaka mizimu, koma iyi ndi ntchito yosiyana.
Chaka chatha, British Medical Journal inafalitsa pempho loti ayimitse kugwiritsa ntchito 5G mpaka chitetezo cha ukadaulo chidziwike. Mukuganiza bwanji za mafoni awa? Kodi mukuganiza kuti athandiza kudziwitsa anthu omwe akuda nkhawa za zotsatira za RF pa thanzi, kapena kuyambitsa chisokonezo? Foster: Mukunena za nkhani yolembedwa ndi [katswiri wa matenda a matenda John] Frank, ndipo sindikugwirizana ndi zambiri. Mabungwe ambiri azaumoyo omwe awunikira sayansiyi angopempha kuti pakhale kafukufuku wowonjezereka, koma osachepera m'modzi - bungwe la zaumoyo la ku Dutch - lapempha kuti pakhale kuyimitsidwa kwa 5G yapamwamba mpaka kafukufuku wowonjezereka wachitetezo utachitika. Malangizo awa akutsimikizira kuti anthu ambiri adzakopa chidwi (ngakhale HCN ikuonanso kuti sizingatheke kuti pakhale nkhawa zilizonse pazaumoyo).
Mu nkhani yake, Frank akulemba kuti, "Mphamvu zomwe zikubwera za kafukufuku wa labotale zikusonyeza kuti [magawo amagetsi a radio-frequency] ndi zotsatira zowononga za RF-EMF."

Vuto ndi limenelo: pali maphunziro ambirimbiri a zotsatira za RF m'mabuku. Mapeto ake, kufunika kwa thanzi, ubwino wa kafukufuku ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri. Ambiri mwa iwo adanenanso za mtundu wina wa zotsatira, pafupipafupi komanso pamlingo uliwonse wa kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu. Komabe, maphunziro ambiri anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha tsankho (dosimetry yosakwanira, kusowa kwa kuphimba maso, kukula kochepa kwa zitsanzo, ndi zina zotero) ndipo maphunziro ambiri sanali ogwirizana ndi ena. "Mphamvu zofufuzira zomwe zikubwera" sizikumveka bwino m'mabuku osamveka awa. Frank ayenera kudalira kufufuza kwapafupi kuchokera ku mabungwe azaumoyo. Izi nthawi zonse zalephera kupeza umboni womveka bwino wa zotsatira zoyipa za minda ya RF yozungulira.
Frank adadandaula za kusagwirizana pokambirana za "5G" poyera -- koma adachitanso cholakwika chomwecho posatchula ma frequency band akamanena za 5G. Ndipotu, 5G ya gulu lotsika komanso lapakati imagwira ntchito pama frequency ofanana ndi ma cellular band omwe alipo ndipo sizikuwoneka kuti ikupereka mavuto atsopano okhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa ma frequency. 5G ya gulu lokwera imagwira ntchito pama frequency otsika pang'ono kuposa mmWave range, kuyambira pa 30 GHz. Kafukufuku wochepa wachitika pa zotsatira za chilengedwe pa kufalikira kwa ma frequency awa, koma mphamvuyo imalowa pang'ono pakhungu, ndipo mabungwe azaumoyo sananene nkhawa za chitetezo chake pa kufalikira kwa ma frequency.
Frank sanatchule kafukufuku amene ankafuna kuchita asanatulutse "5G," kaya ankatanthauza chiyani. [FCC] imafuna kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zilolezo azitsatira malire ake, omwe ali ofanana ndi omwe ali m'maiko ena ambiri. Palibe chitsanzo choti ukadaulo watsopano wa RF uunikidwe mwachindunji kuti awone zotsatira za thanzi la RF asanavomerezedwe, zomwe zingafunike maphunziro ambiri osatha. Ngati zoletsa za FCC sizili zotetezeka, ziyenera kusinthidwa.

Kuti mumve zambiri za kafukufuku wa zotsatira za 5G m'chilengedwe, onani nkhani ya [Ken] Karipidis, yomwe idapeza kuti "palibe umboni wotsimikiza kuti minda ya RF yotsika kwambiri kuposa 6 GHz, monga yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma netiweki a 5G, ndi yovulaza thanzi la anthu. Ndemangayo idafunanso kafukufuku wowonjezereka.
Mabuku asayansi ndi osakanikirana, koma mpaka pano, mabungwe azaumoyo sanapeze umboni womveka bwino wa zoopsa zaumoyo kuchokera kumadera ozungulira a RF. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti, mabuku asayansi okhudza zotsatira za mmWave ndi ochepa, ndi maphunziro pafupifupi 100, komanso apamwamba mosiyanasiyana.
Boma limapanga ndalama zambiri pogulitsa ma spectrum a mauthenga a 5G, ndipo liyenera kuyika ndalama zina mu kafukufuku wapamwamba wa zaumoyo, makamaka 5G yapamwamba. Ine ndekha, ndikuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi momwe nthawi yochuluka yowonera pa intaneti ingakhudzire chitukuko cha ana komanso nkhani zachinsinsi.
Kodi pali njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito dosimetry? Ngati ndi choncho, ndi zitsanzo ziti zosangalatsa kapena zodalirika kwambiri?

Foster: Mwina kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kuli mu computational dosimetry ndi kuyambitsa njira zowerengera nthawi yosiyana (FDTD) ndi zitsanzo zamanambala za thupi kutengera zithunzi zachipatala zapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuwerengera molondola momwe thupi limayamwa mphamvu ya RF kuchokera ku gwero lililonse. Computational dosimetry yapereka moyo watsopano ku njira zamankhwala zodziwika bwino, monga hyperthermia yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa, ndipo yatsogolera kukukula kwa machitidwe abwino ojambula zithunzi za MRI ndi ukadaulo wina wambiri wazachipatala.
Michael Koziol ndi mkonzi wothandizira ku IEEE Spectrum, yemwe amalemba nkhani zonse zokhudza kulumikizana kwa mafoni. Anamaliza maphunziro ake ku Seattle University ndi digiri ya BA mu Chingerezi ndi Fiziki, komanso digiri ya MA mu Science Journalism kuchokera ku New York University.
Mu 1992, Asad M. Madni adatenga udindo wa BEI Sensors and Controls, kuyang'anira mzere wazinthu zomwe zinali ndi masensa osiyanasiyana ndi zida zoyendetsera zamagetsi, koma zinali ndi makasitomala ochepa - makamaka makampani opanga zida zamagetsi ndi zida zodzitetezera.

Nkhondo Yozizira inatha ndipo makampani achitetezo aku US anagwa. Ndipo mabizinesi sadzachira posachedwa. BEI inkafunika kuzindikira mwachangu ndikukopa makasitomala atsopano.
Kupeza makasitomala awa kumafuna kusiya makina a makina a kampaniyi kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo watsopano wa quartz wosatsimikizika, kuchepetsa masensa a quartz, ndikusintha wopanga yemwe amapanga masensa okwera mtengo kwambiri pachaka kuti apange mamiliyoni ambiri otsika mtengo.
Madni anayesetsa kwambiri kuti izi zitheke ndipo anapambana kwambiri kuposa momwe wina aliyense akanaganizira za GyroChip. Sensor yotsika mtengo iyi yoyezera inertial ndi yoyamba yamtundu wake kuphatikizidwa mugalimoto, zomwe zimathandiza makina owongolera kukhazikika kwa magetsi (ESC) kuzindikira kutsetsereka ndikugwiritsa ntchito mabuleki kuti apewe kugwedezeka. Popeza ma ESC adayikidwa m'magalimoto onse atsopano kwa zaka zisanu kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2015, makinawa adapulumutsa miyoyo 7,000 ku United States kokha, malinga ndi National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Zipangizozi zikupitirirabe kukhala pakati pa ndege zambiri zamalonda ndi zachinsinsi, komanso njira zowongolera kukhazikika kwa machitidwe owongolera zida zankhondo aku US. Zinapitanso ku Mars ngati gawo la Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Udindo wapano: Pulofesa Wothandizira Wolemekezeka ku UCLA; Purezidenti Wopuma Pantchito, CEO ndi CTO wa BEI Technologies

Maphunziro: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 ndi 1972, MS, UCLA, zonse mu Electrical Engineering; Ph.D., California Coast University, 1987
Ngwazi: Kawirikawiri, abambo anga anandiphunzitsa momwe ndingaphunzire, momwe ndingakhalire munthu, komanso tanthauzo la chikondi, chifundo, ndi kumvera ena chisoni; mu zaluso, Michelangelo; mu sayansi, Albert Einstein; mu uinjiniya. Mu, Claude Shannon
Nyimbo zomwe mumakonda: Mu nyimbo za ku Western, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; nyimbo za ku Eastern, Ghazals
Mamembala a bungweli: IEEE Life Fellow; US National Academy of Engineering; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Canadian Academy of Engineering
Mphoto yofunika kwambiri: Mendulo ya Ulemu ya IEEE: "Zopereka zoyambira pakukula ndi kugulitsa ukadaulo watsopano wozindikira ndi machitidwe, ndi utsogoleri wabwino kwambiri wofufuza"; Ophunzira a UCLA a Chaka cha 2004
Madni adalandira Mendulo ya Ulemu ya IEEE ya 2022 chifukwa choyambitsa GyroChip, pakati pa zopereka zina mu chitukuko cha ukadaulo ndi utsogoleri wofufuza.
Ntchito ya uinjiniya sinali ntchito yoyamba ya Madni. Ankafuna kukhala wojambula bwino komanso wojambula. Koma mavuto azachuma a banja lake ku Mumbai, India (yomwe panthawiyo inali Mumbai) m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 adamupangitsa kukhala uinjiniya—makamaka zamagetsi, chifukwa cha chidwi chake ndi zatsopano zomwe zili mu ma radio a transistor. Mu 1966, adasamukira ku United States kukaphunzira zamagetsi ku RCA College ku New York City, komwe kunakhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 kuti aphunzitse ogwiritsa ntchito mawaya ndi akatswiri.
"Ndikufuna kukhala mainjiniya yemwe angathe kupanga zinthu," adatero Madeney, "ndikuchita zinthu zomwe pamapeto pake zidzakhudza anthu. Chifukwa ngati sindingathe kukhudza anthu, ndimaona kuti ntchito yanga sidzakwaniritsidwa."

Madni adalowa mu UCLA mu 1969 ndi digiri ya bachelor mu uinjiniya wamagetsi atatha zaka ziwiri mu pulogalamu ya Electronics Technology ku RCA College. Adapitiliza maphunziro ake a masters ndi doctorate, pogwiritsa ntchito digito signal processing ndi frequency domain reflectometry kuti afufuze machitidwe olumikizirana kuti afufuze kafukufuku wake wa thesis. Pa maphunziro ake, adagwiranso ntchito ngati mphunzitsi ku Pacific State University, adagwira ntchito yoyang'anira zinthu ku Beverly Hills retailer David Orgell, komanso ngati injiniya wopanga zinthu zolumikizira makompyuta ku Pertec.
Kenako, mu 1975, atangoyamba kumene chibwenzi komanso chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi mnzake wakale wa m'kalasi, anafunsira ntchito mu dipatimenti ya microwave ya Systron Donner.
Madni anayamba kupanga chida choyamba chowunikira ma spectrum padziko lonse lapansi chokhala ndi malo osungira digito ku Systron Donner. Sanagwiritsepo ntchito chida chowunikira ma spectrum kale—panthawiyo chinali chokwera mtengo kwambiri—koma ankadziwa bwino chiphunzitsocho moti anadzikakamiza kuti agwire ntchitoyi. Kenako anakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi akuyesa, n’kupeza luso logwiritsa ntchito chidachi asanayese kuchikonzanso.
Ntchitoyi inatenga zaka ziwiri ndipo, malinga ndi Madni, inapangitsa kuti pakhale ma patent atatu ofunikira, kuyamba "kukwera kwake kupita ku zinthu zazikulu komanso zabwino." Inamuphunzitsanso kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa "tanthauzo la kukhala ndi chidziwitso cha malingaliro ndi kugulitsa ukadaulo womwe ungathandize ena," adatero.

Tikhozanso kusintha zinthu za rf passive malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. Mutha kulowa patsamba losinthira kuti mupereke zofunikira zomwe mukufuna.
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