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Kufunika kochulukirachulukira kwa njira zolumikizirana pa foni yam'manja kwapangitsa kuti maukadaulo opanda zingwe (G) azikhala mosalekeza, zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana pazachilengedwe. Kuti tiyese izi, tidawonetsa makoswe kuti akhale ndi mutu umodzi pakusintha kwanthawi yayitali kwa 4G (LTE) -1800 MHz maginito amagetsi (EMF) kwa maola a 2. neuroinflammation pa microglia spatial coverage and electrophysiological neuronal activity in the primary auditory cortex (ACx) .Avareji SAR mu ACx ndi 0.5 W/kg.Zojambulira zamayunitsi ambiri zimasonyeza kuti LTE-EMF imayambitsa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyankhidwa kwa ma toni oyera ndi mawu achilengedwe, pamene kumveka kwapakati ndi kuwonjezereka kwapakati. Mafupipafupi.Iba1 immunohistochemistry inasonyeza kuti palibe kusintha m'dera lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi matupi a microglial ndi machitidwe.Mu makoswe athanzi, kuwonetsetsa kwa LTE komweko sikunapangitse kusintha kwa kuyankhidwa kwakukulu ndi mamvekedwe a phokoso.Deta yathu imasonyeza kuti neuroinflammation yowopsya imapangitsa ma neurons ku LTE-EMF, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ACx isinthe ma acoustic processing.
Pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi, anthu opitilira magawo awiri mwa atatu a anthu amatengedwa kuti ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja (MP). Communications.Nkhani iyi yaumoyo wa anthu yalimbikitsa maphunziro angapo oyesera omwe amafufuza zotsatira za kuyamwa kwa radiofrequency m'magulu achilengedwe1. Ena mwa maphunzirowa ayang'ana kusintha kwa zochitika za neuronal network ndi chidziwitso, chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa ubongo ku magwero a RF pansi pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa MP.Maphunziro ambiri omwe adanenedwa kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumbadwo wachiwiri wa mauthenga amtundu wa 2G (GSM) kapena wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/third generation universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Pang'ono amadziwika za zotsatira za ma radio frequency signals omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafoni a m'badwo wachinayi (4G), omwe amadalira ukadaulo wa digito wa Internet Protocol wotchedwa Long Term Evolution.TE01 kufikira 6.6 biliyoni padziko lonse olembetsa LTE mu January 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Poyerekeza ndi GSM (2G) ndi WCDMA (3G) machitidwe potengera single-carrier modulation skimu, LTE amagwiritsa Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) monga maziko chizindikiro mtundu6.Padziko lonse lapansi, LTE 5 ma frequency osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency 70 MHz, kuphatikiza magulu a 900 ndi 1800 MHz omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu GSM.
Kuthekera kwa mawonekedwe a RF kukhudza njira zachilengedwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe (SAR) omwe amawonetsedwa mu W / kg, omwe amayesa mphamvu zomwe zimatengedwa mu minofu yachilengedwe. kusinthasintha kwafupipafupi ndi kusintha kwa kugwirizana kwapakati kapena pakati pa zigawo, pamene nsonga zapamwamba za SAR zopitirira 10 g za minofu zimaganiziridwa kuti zimasiyana pakati pa 0.42 ndi 1.52 W / kg, malinga ndi mitu 7, 8, 9.EEG kusanthula pansi pa zochitika zofanana (30 min kutalika, kulemera kwa 1 mlingo wa SAR woimira mutu wa 3 wochepetsedwa) Komabe, maphunziro ena awiri okhudzana ndi kusanthula kwa EEG adapeza kuti 20 kapena 30 maminiti a LTE akuwonekera pamutu, ndi maulendo apamwamba a SAR a m'deralo omwe ali pafupi ndi 2 W / kg, mwina analibe zotsatira zodziwika11 kapena zinachititsa kuti mphamvu zowonetseratu mu gulu la alpha zichepetse, pamene kuyesedwa kwa St2 sikunasinthe. .Kusiyana kwakukulu kunapezedwanso mu zotsatira za EEG kapena maphunziro a chidziwitso makamaka kuyang'ana zotsatira za GSM kapena UMTS EMF kuwonetseredwa.Amaganiziridwa kuti amachokera ku kusiyana kwa mapangidwe a njira ndi magawo oyesera, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa chizindikiro ndi kusinthasintha, kuwonetseredwa kwakukulu ndi nthawi yayitali, kapena kuchokera ku heterogeneity mu maphunziro a anthu ponena za msinkhu, jenda.
Pakalipano, maphunziro ochepa a zinyama agwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe momwe kuwonetsera kwa LTE kumakhudzira ntchito ya ubongo. Posachedwapa zanenedwa kuti kuwonetseredwa mwadongosolo kwa mbewa zomwe zikukula kuchokera kumapeto kwa embryonic mpaka kuyamwa (30 min / tsiku, masiku 5 / sabata, ndi SAR ya thupi lonse la 0.5 kapena 1 W / kg) inachititsa kusintha kwa galimoto ndi chilakolako chofuna kudya. tsiku kwa masabata a 6) mu makoswe akuluakulu adapezeka kuti amayambitsa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndikuchepetsa matalikidwe a zowoneka zomwe zatulutsidwa kuchokera ku mitsempha ya optic, ndi SAR yochuluka yomwe imati ndi yotsika ngati 10 mW / kg15.
Kuphatikiza pakuwunika pamiyeso ingapo, kuphatikiza ma cell ndi mamolekyulu, mitundu ya makoswe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito powerengera zotsatira za kuwonekera kwa RF pa nthawi ya matenda, monga momwe zidalili kale pa GSM kapena WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF pankhani ya acute neuroinflammation. Kafukufuku wasonyeza zotsatira za khunyu, matenda a neurodegenerative kapena gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - jekeseni makoswe ndi tingachipeze powerenga preclinical chitsanzo cha pachimake neuroinflammatory mayankho kugwirizana ndi chosaopsa matenda opatsirana chifukwa mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya amene amakhudza anthu ambiri year.This yotupa boma kumabweretsa reversible matenda ndi maganizo maganizo syndrome yodziwika ndi kutentha thupi, kusowa chilakolako chakudya, ndi kuchepetsa social interaction CNS phagosident ndi ma cell a CNS phagosident. Kuchiza makoswe okhala ndi LPS kumayambitsa kuyambitsa kwa ma microglia omwe amadziwika ndi kukonzanso mawonekedwe awo ndi njira zama cell komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa mbiri ya transcriptome, kuphatikiza kuwongolera ma jini ophatikizira ma cytokines otupa kapena ma enzymes, omwe amakhudza ma neuronal network Zochita 22, 23, 24.
Kuphunzira zotsatira za mutu umodzi wa 2-hour kukhudzana ndi GSM-1800 MHz EMF mu makoswe opangidwa ndi LPS, tinapeza kuti GSM imayambitsa mayankho a ma cell mu cerebral cortex, yomwe imakhudza maonekedwe a jini, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked kuwombera ndi morphology ya inmorphreglial sanali microreglial cortex. kuzindikiridwa mu makoswe athanzi omwe adalandira mawonekedwe omwewo a GSM, kutanthauza kuti LPS-yoyambitsa matenda a neuroinfigueatory imalimbikitsa maselo a CNS ku chizindikiro cha GSM.Kuyang'ana pa cortex (ACx) ya makoswe opangidwa ndi LPS, kumene SAR yam'deralo imakhala ndi 1.55 W / kg, tinawona kuti GSM kuwonetseredwa kwa mitsempha kumapangitsa kuti nthambi ya GSM ikhale yotalikirapo kapena kuchepetsa kuyankha kwa nthambi ya microglial kutengeka ndi malankhulidwe oyera ndi .Kukondoweza Kwachilengedwe 28.
Pakafukufuku wapano, tidafuna kuti tiwone ngati kuwonetsa kwamutu kwa LTE-1800 MHz kungasinthenso ma microglial morphology ndi neuronal mu ACx, kuchepetsa mphamvu yowonekera ndi magawo awiri pa atatu. 0.5 W / kg.
Popeza umboni wam'mbuyomu wosonyeza kuti GSM-1800 MHz inasintha ma microglial morphology pansi pazifukwa zoyambitsa kutupa, tinafufuza izi titakumana ndi chizindikiro cha LTE.
Makoswe akuluakulu adalowetsedwa ndi LPS maola a 24 asanatuluke pamutu pamutu wokha wa sham kapena kuwonetseredwa kwa LTE-1800 MHz. Pambuyo powonekera, mayankho a LPS oyambitsa matenda a neuroinflammatory anakhazikitsidwa mu ubongo wa cerebral cortex, monga momwe ziwonetsedwera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa majeremusi otupa ndi kusintha kwa cortical microglia morphology (Mthunzi wa SAR unakhazikitsidwa ndi mutu wa LTE). mlingo wa 0.5 W / kg mu ACx (Chithunzi 2) .Kuti tidziwe ngati LPS-activated microglia ikugwirizana ndi LTE EMF, tinasanthula zigawo za cortical zodetsedwa ndi anti-Iba1 zomwe zimasankha ma cell awa. "zambiri-ngati" cell morphology yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha LPS pro-inflammatory (Chithunzi 1) . Mogwirizana ndi kusakhalapo kwa mayankho a morphological, kusanthula kwachithunzithunzi kwachulukidwe sikunawonetse kusiyana kwakukulu m'dera lonse (kuyesa kwa t-osagwirizanitsa, p = 0.308) kapena dera (p = 0.196) ndi kachulukidwe (p = immunoposure1) kufananitsa Immunoposure1 0ba0. Matupi amtundu wa 1 mu makoswe a LTE motsutsana ndi nyama zowonongeka (Mkuyu 3b-d).
Zotsatira za jekeseni wa LPS ip pa cortical microglia morphology.Mawonedwe oyimira a microglia mu gawo la coronal la cerebral cortex (dorsomedial region) maola 24 pambuyo pa jekeseni wa intraperitoneal wa LPS kapena galimoto (control) . kuchuluka kwapang'onopang'ono nthambi zazing'ono zama cell, zomwe zimapangitsa mawonekedwe "wokhuthala".
Kusanthula kwa dosimetric kwa kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe apadera (SAR) muubongo wa makoswe panthawi yomwe akukumana ndi 1800 MHz LTE.A adalongosola kale mtundu wosiyana kwambiri wa makoswe a phantom ndi loop antenna62 adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa SAR yakumaloko muubongo, ndi gridi ya 0.5 mm3 kiyubiki. pad (yellow) pansi pa thupi.(b) Kagawidwe ka SAR muubongo wa munthu wamkulu pa 0.5 mm3 spatial resolution.Malo odulidwa ndi autilaini yakuda mu gawo la sagittal amafanana ndi primary auditory cortex komwe kumawunikidwa kwa microglial ndi neuronal.
LPS-jekiseni microglia mu khoswe womvetsera cortex kutsatira LTE kapena Sham kuwonetseredwa. kuwunika kwa microglia 3 kwa maola 4 pambuyo pa sham (madontho otseguka) kapena kuwonekera kwa LTE (poyera, madontho akuda). (b, c) Kuphimba kwa malo (b) kwa microglia marker Iba1 ndi madera a Iba1-positive cell body (c) .Data imayimira anti-Iba1 staining area normalized to the mean of anti-de-counted 1 cell cell. matupi.Kusiyana pakati pa Sham (n = 5) ndi LTE (n = 6) nyama sizinali zofunikira (p> 0.05, t-test yopanda pake).Pamwamba ndi pansi pa bokosi, mizere yapamwamba ndi yapansi imayimira 25th-75th percentile ndi 5-95th percentile, motero.
Table 1 ikufotokoza mwachidule ziwerengero za nyama ndi zojambula zamagulu ambiri zomwe zimapezedwa mu cortex yoyamba yamagulu anayi a makoswe (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS) 1) .Pogwiritsa ntchito muyesowu, tinasankha zolemba 266 za gulu la Sham, zolemba 273 za gulu la Exposed, zolemba 299 za gulu la Sham-LPS, ndi zolemba 295 za gulu la Exposed-LPS.
M'ndime zotsatirazi, tiyamba kufotokoza magawo otengedwa kuchokera ku spectral-temporal receptive field (ndiko kuti, kuyankha kwa ma toni oyera) ndi kuyankha kwa xenogeneic vocalizations yeniyeni.Tidzafotokozeranso kuchuluka kwa malo omwe amayankhidwa pafupipafupi omwe amaperekedwa kwa gulu lililonse. mndandanda (mzere wotsiriza mu Table 1), koma zotsatira zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa zinachokeranso pa chiwerengero cha maudindo mu gulu lirilonse. Chiwerengero chonse cha zojambulira zamitundumitundu zosonkhanitsidwa (mzere wachitatu mu Gulu 1).
Chithunzi cha 4a chikuwonetsa kugawa kwafupipafupi (BF, kuchititsa kuyankha kwakukulu pa 75 dB SPL) kwa ma cortical neurons omwe amapezeka mu Sham yothandizidwa ndi LPS ndi nyama zowonekera. zikhoza kupangidwa popanda sampuli kukondera.
Zotsatira za kuwonekera kwa LTE pazigawo zowerengeka zamayankho a cortical mu nyama zothandizidwa ndi LPS.(a) Kugawa kwa BF mu ma cortical neurons a nyama zothiridwa ndi LPS zowonekera ku LTE (zakuda) ndi sham zowonekera ku LTE (zoyera). Palibe kusiyana pakati pa magawo awiriwa.(bf) Zotsatira za LTE exposure sposure pa temporal field parameters (STRF) .Kuyankha kwamphamvu kunachepetsedwa kwambiri (* p <0.05, t-test yopanda malire) kudutsa STRF (mphamvu zonse zoyankhira) ndi maulendo abwino (b, c) . Nthawi yoyankha, bandwidth yankho, ndi bandwidth nthawi zonse (df) .Nthawi zonse mphamvu ndi kudalirika kwakanthawi kwa mayankho ku mawu omveka kunachepetsedwa kwambiri (g, (i) ntchito inachepetsedwa (g, (i). 0.05, t-test yopanda malire) .(j,k) Zotsatira za LTE kuwonetseredwa kwa cortical thresholds.Mean thresholds anali apamwamba kwambiri mu makoswe opangidwa ndi LTE poyerekezera ndi makoswe opangidwa ndi sham.Zotsatirazi zimawonekera kwambiri pamayendedwe otsika ndi apakati.
Zithunzi za 4b-f zimasonyeza kugawidwa kwa magawo omwe amachokera ku STRF kwa nyamazi (zimatanthauza zosonyezedwa ndi mizere yofiira) .Zotsatira za LTE zowonongeka pa zinyama zowonongeka ndi LPS zimawoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa neuronal excitability.Choyamba, mphamvu zonse zoyankhira ndi mayankho zinali zochepa kwambiri mu BF poyerekeza ndi zinyama za Sham-LPS (Fig. 4b, p0 = 7 p; = 0.0445) . Momwemonso, mayankho omveka olankhulana adachepa mu mphamvu zonse zoyankhira komanso kudalirika kwapakati pa mayesero (Fig. 4g, h; t-test yopanda malire, p = 0.043) Ntchito yodzidzimutsa inachepetsedwa, koma zotsatira zake sizinali zofunikira (Mkuyu 4i; p = 0.0745) kuyankha kwafupipafupi, kuyankha kwa LTE ndi bandwidth sikunakhudzidwe. Zinyama zothandizidwa ndi LPS (Mkuyu 4d-f), kusonyeza kuti kusankha pafupipafupi ndi kulondola kwa mayankho oyambira sikunakhudzidwe ndi kuwonekera kwa LTE mu zinyama zothandizidwa ndi LPS.
Kenako tidawona ngati zotchingira zoyera za kortical toni zidasinthidwa ndi mawonekedwe a LTE.Kuchokera kudera loyankhira pafupipafupi (FRA) lomwe limapezeka kuchokera ku kujambula kulikonse, tidatsimikiza zowerengera zamtundu uliwonse ndikuwerengera magawo awa amagulu onse a nyama. Zigawo zomveka zamagulu a Sham ndi Zowonekera zinawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ziwombankhanga zowonekera poyerekeza ndi nyama za Sham (mkuyu 4j), zotsatira zomwe zinkawonekera kwambiri pafupipafupi komanso pakati. kuchepa (chi-square = 43.85; p <0.0001; Chithunzi 4k, Chithunzi chakumanzere). Zotsatira zomwezo zinkawoneka pakatikati (2.25
Zotsatira za kuwonetseredwa kwa LTE pazigawo zowerengeka za mayankho a cortical mu zinyama zathanzi.(a) Kugawa kwa BF mu ma cortical neurons a nyama zathanzi zomwe zimawonekera ku LTE (dark blue) ndi sham-exposed LTE (light blue). mphamvu yakuyankhidwa kudutsa STRF ndi maulendo abwino kwambiri (b, c) .Pali kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa nthawi yoyankhira (d), koma palibe kusintha kwa bandwidth ndi bandwidth (e, f) . Ngakhale mphamvu kapena kudalirika kwanthawi kwa mayankho ku mawu omveka kunasintha (g, h) Panalibe kusintha kwakukulu mu ntchito yodziwikiratu (ed) (i) t. Zotsatira za LTE kuwonetseredwa pa cortical thresholds.Pafupipafupi, zipata sizinasinthidwe kwambiri mu makoswe opangidwa ndi LTE poyerekeza ndi makoswe opangidwa ndi Sham, koma mafupipafupi afupipafupi anali otsika pang'ono pa zinyama zowonekera.
Zithunzi za 5b-f zimasonyeza mabokosi omwe amaimira kugawa ndi kutanthawuza (mzere wofiira) wa magawo omwe amachokera kumagulu awiri a STRFs.Mu nyama zathanzi, kuwonetsetsa kwa LTE palokha sikunakhudze kwenikweni phindu la magawo a STRF. t-test yopanda malire, p = 0.2176, ndi p = 0.8696 motsatira) Panalibenso zotsatira pa spectral bandwidth ndi latency (p = 0.6764 ndi p = 0.7129, motsatira), koma panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nthawi yoyankha (p = 0.047) . 0.4375), kudalirika kwapakati-mayesero a mayankhowa (mkuyu 5h, p = 0.3412), ndi ntchito zodzidzimutsa (mkuyu 5) .5i; p = 0.3256).
Chithunzi cha 5j chikuwonetsa malire (± sem) kuchokera ku 1.1 mpaka 36 kHz mu makoswe athanzi.Sizinasonyeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa sham ndi makoswe owonekera, kupatulapo pang'ono pang'ono pazinyama zowonekera pamtunda wapamwamba (11-36 kHz) (t-test yopanda malire, p = 3) izi zimasonyeza kuti pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, 0.008. (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Mkuyu 5k), panali ma neuroni ochulukirapo omwe ali ndi ziwombankhanga zotsika ndi zapakati (pamene zipinda zapamwamba) zochepa za neuroni).
Pomaliza, pamene nyama zathanzi zinkawonekera ku LTE, panalibe zotsatira pa mphamvu yoyankhira ku toni zoyera ndi zomveka zovuta monga vocalizations.Kuonjezera apo, mu zinyama zathanzi, ma cortical auditory thresholds anali ofanana pakati pa nyama zowonekera ndi zamatsenga, pamene mu zinyama zothandizidwa ndi LPS, kuwonetseredwa kwa LTE kunapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa cortical infrequency ndi pakati, makamaka pakatikati.
Kafukufuku wathu adawonetsa kuti mu makoswe akuluakulu omwe ali ndi vuto la neuroinflammation, kukhudzana ndi LTE-1800 MHz ndi SARACx yapafupi ya 0.5 W / kg (onani Njira) zinapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mayankho okhudzidwa ndi mawu muzojambula zoyambirira za kulankhulana. LTE pa mphamvu ya mayankho opangidwa ndi cortical sanawonedwe mu makoswe athanzi.Poganizira kufanana kwa kugawa kwafupipafupi kwafupipafupi pakati pa mayunitsi ojambulira mu LTE-poyera ndi nyama zowonongeka, kusiyana kwa neuronal reactivity kungayambitsidwe ndi zotsatira za biological za zizindikiro za LTE m'malo motengera chitsanzo (Fig. 4a more reaction of the latency inspective and change bandwidth). Makoswe owonetsedwa ndi LTE akuwonetsa kuti, mwachiwonekere, zojambulidwazi zidatengedwa kuchokera ku zigawo zofanana za cortical, zomwe zili mu ACx yoyamba osati zigawo zachiwiri.
Kudziwa kwathu, zotsatira za chizindikiro cha LTE pamayankho a neuronal sizinafotokozedwe kale.Komabe, kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adalemba mphamvu ya GSM-1800 MHz kapena 1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) kuti isinthe chisangalalo cha neuronal, ngakhale ndi kusiyana kwakukulu malinga ndi njira yoyesera.Posakhalitsa pambuyo powonekera kwa SAR 1800 MHz / CW8 level level, WK 800 MHz / CW. Kumbali inayi, kukwera ndi kuphulika kwa zikhalidwe zoyambira zaubongo zochokera ku ubongo wa makoswe kunachepetsedwa ndi kukhudzana ndi GSM-1800 MHz kapena 1800 MHz CW kwa mphindi 15 pa SARkg ya mphindi 30 zokhazikika mkati mwa 4. Kutonthozedwa kwathunthu kwa ma neuron kunapezedwa pa SAR ya 9.2 W / kg.Kusanthula kwa mayankho a Mlingo kunawonetsa kuti GSM-1800 MHz inali yothandiza kwambiri kuposa 1800 MHz CW popondereza ntchito yophulika, kutanthauza kuti mayankho a neuronal amadalira kusintha kwa ma siginolo a RF.
Pachikhazikitso chathu, mayankho opangidwa ndi cortical adasonkhanitsidwa mu vivo 3 mpaka maola a 6 pambuyo pa kuwonekera kwa mutu wa 2-ola lokhalokha. LTE-1800 pa 0.5 W / kg SARACx inali kuwonjezeka pang'ono pa nthawi ya kuyankha pa kuwonetsera kwa ma toni oyera.Zotsatirazi zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza chifukwa sizikuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuyankha mwamphamvu, kutanthauza kuti nthawi yayitali yoyankhayi imachitika ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha zochita zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi ma cortical neurons. adalemba kuti mu ACx feedforward inhibition imayang'anira kutalika kwa mayankho a ma cell a piramidi oyambitsidwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa thalamic33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Mosiyana ndi izi, makoswe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, LTE kuwonetseredwa kunalibe mphamvu pa nthawi ya phokoso lotulutsa phokoso la neuronal kuwombera, koma zotsatira zazikulu zinadziwika pa mphamvu ya mayankho okhudzidwawo. adawona zonse popereka ma toni oyera ndi mawu achirengedwe .Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyankhidwa kwa ma toni oyera kunachitika popanda kuchepetsedwa kwa spectral tuning bandwidth ya 75 dB, ndipo popeza izi zidachitika mwamphamvu zonse zomveka, zidapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke zomveka za ma cortical neurons pamayendedwe otsika ndi apakati.
Kuchepetsa mphamvu zoyankhira zomwe zidachitika kukuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za siginecha ya LTE pa SARACx ya 0.5 W / kg mu nyama zothandizidwa ndi LPS zinali zofanana ndi za GSM-1800 MHz zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu kuposa SARACx (1.55 W / kg) 28 .Pankhani ya GSM siginecha, kukhudzana ndi mutu ku LTE-1800 MHz kumachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa neuroratnal ACcita LPS-yoyambitsa neuroinflammation.Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, tidawonanso njira yochepetsera kudalirika kwa mayesero a ma neuronal mayankho ku mawu (mkuyu 4h) ndi kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono (mkuyu 4i) .
Choyamba, mayankho ofookawa angakhale chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachangu kwa ma cell a cortical pambuyo pokhudzana ndi LTE 1800 MHz.Kuthandizira lingaliro ili, GSM-1800 MHz ndi 1800 MHz-CW yachepetsa ntchito yophulika pamene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ku zikhalidwe zoyambirira za cortical rat neurons ndi SAR misinkhu ya 3.4 kg / kg, kulemekeza 3. Mulingo wa SAR unkafunika kuti uchepetse kwambiri ntchito yophulika. Kulimbikitsa kuchepetsedwa kwa chisangalalo chamkati, tidawonanso kuchepa kwa kuwombera modzidzimutsa mu nyama zowululidwa kuposa nyama zowululidwa mwamanyazi.
Chachiwiri, kuwonetsetsa kwa LTE kungakhudzenso kufalikira kwa synaptic kuchokera ku thalamo-cortical kapena cortical-cortical synapses.Zolemba zambiri tsopano zikuwonetsa kuti, mu cortex yomvetsera, kufalikira kwa mawonekedwe a spectral sikungotsimikiziridwa ndi afferent thalamic projections, koma kuti kugwirizana kwa intracortical kumapereka zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonetserako, 40999 malo oyesera a corstical. ma bandwidths mu nyama zowonekera ndi zamanyazi mosadziwika bwino kuti zotsatira za kuwonetseredwa kwa LTE sizinali zotsatira pa kugwirizana kwa cortical-cortical.Izi zimasonyezanso kuti kugwirizana kwapamwamba m'madera ena a cortical omwe amawonekera pa SAR kuposa momwe amachitira mu ACx (Mkuyu 2) sangakhale ndi udindo pa mayankho osinthidwa omwe afotokozedwa pano.
Apa, chiwerengero chochuluka cha zojambula za cortical zowonekera za LPS zimasonyeza ziwombankhanga zazikulu poyerekeza ndi nyama zowululidwa za LPS-sham. Popeza zakhala zikuperekedwa kuti chigawo cha cortical acoustic threshold chimayendetsedwa makamaka ndi mphamvu ya thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti thalamosured transmission imachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono. kutulutsidwa kwa glutamate) kapena mulingo wa postsynaptic (nambala yochepera ya receptor kapena kuyanjana).
Mofanana ndi zotsatira za GSM-1800 MHz, LTE-induced altered neuronal responses inachitika pamutu wa LPS-yoyambitsa neuroinflammation, yomwe imadziwika ndi mayankho a microglial.Umboni wamakono umasonyeza kuti microglia imakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya ma neuronal mu ubongo wachibadwa ndi wa pathological41,42,43. Mu cerebral cortex, kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa ma netiweki a neuronal kumayambitsa kufalikira kwachangu kwa dera la microglial spatial chifukwa chakukula kwa microglial process44,45. microglia-mediated local adenosine kupanga.
Mu makoswe opangidwa ndi LPS omwe amaperekedwa ku GSM-1800 MHz ndi SARACx pa 1.55 W / kg, kuchepa kwa ntchito za ACx neurons kunachitika ndi kukula kwa microglial njira zodziwika ndi madera ofunika kwambiri a Iba1 mu ACx28 Increase. Mayankho a neuronal.Kafukufuku wathu wamakono amatsutsana ndi lingaliro ili pamutu wa LTE wokhudzana ndi mutu wa SARACx wocheperapo ku 0.5 W / kg, popeza sitinapeze kuwonjezeka kwa malo ozungulira malo omwe ali ndi njira za microglial. neuroinflammation imasintha mayankho a neuronal ku siginecha ya LTE.
Kudziwa kwathu, zotsatira za zizindikiro za LTE pakukonza makutu sizinaphunzirepo kale.Kafukufuku wathu wam'mbuyomu 26,28 ndi kafukufuku wamakono adawonetsa kuti poyambitsa kutupa kwakukulu, kuwonetseredwa kwa mutu wokha ku GSM-1800 MHz kapena LTE-1800 MHz kunachititsa kuti kusintha kwa ntchito kumayankhidwe a neuronal mu ACx, monga momwe zisonyezedwera ndi kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa makutu, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mawondo a mawondo. ndi kuwonetseredwa kwathu kwa LTE.Choyamba, monga momwe tawonetsera mu phunziro la dosimetry lomwe lasonyezedwa mu Chithunzi 2, milingo yapamwamba kwambiri ya SAR (pafupi ndi 1 W / kg) ili mu dorsomedial cortex (pansi pa antenna), ndipo imachepa kwambiri pamene wina amayenda mozungulira komanso mozungulira. Chachiwiri, pamene makutu a nkhumba adawululidwa kwa miyezi 2 pa GSM 900 MHz (masiku 5 / sabata, ola la 1 / tsiku, SAR pakati pa 1 ndi 4 W / kg), panalibe kusintha kowonekera pa kukula kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditory expomore 47 Responseur Brainstem, Responseur Expomore47. 900 kapena 1800 MHz pa SAR yapafupi ya 2 W/kg sinakhudze ntchito ya cell ya cochlear yakunja ya tsitsi mu makoswe athanzi48,49.Zotsatirazi zikufanana ndi zomwe anthu amapeza, kumene kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti 10- kwa 30-minute kukhudzana ndi EMF kuchokera ku mafoni a m'manja a GSM alibe zotsatira zofanana pa kusanthula kwa ma audio, 51 ndime 53,54.
M'kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu pa gawo la dorsomedial la cortex, zotsatira zingapo zoyambitsidwa ndi GSM-1800 MHz zomwe zimawonedwa pa maola a 24 pambuyo powonekera sizinawonekenso pa maola 72 pambuyo powonekera. kusinthidwa kwa jini ndi pambuyo pa kumasulira kwa ma receptors a AMPA.Poganizira kuti cortex yomvera ili ndi mtengo wotsika wa SAR (0.5W / kg) kusiyana ndi dera la dorsomedial (2.94W / kg26), kusintha kwa ntchito za neuronal zomwe zanenedwa pano zikuwoneka kuti ndizosakhalitsa.
Deta yathu iyenera kuganizira malire oyenerera a SAR ndi kuyerekezera kwamtengo weniweni wa SAR wopezedwa mu cerebral cortex ya ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja. Miyezo yamakono yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza anthu imayika malire a SAR kukhala 2 W/kg kwa mutu kapena torso kukhudzana ndi mawailesi a 100 GHz ndi 100 kHz.
Kuyerekeza kwa mlingo kwachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitu ya anthu kuti adziwe mayamwidwe a mphamvu ya RF m'magulu osiyanasiyana amutu panthawi yapamutu kapena pafoni yam'manja. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitu ya anthu, zofananirazi zikuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kapena kusatsimikizika pakuyerekeza mphamvu zomwe ubongo umatengera kutengera mawonekedwe a thupi kapena histological monga mawonekedwe akunja kapena mkati mwamadzi, makulidwe osiyanasiyana amutu, makulidwe osiyanasiyana amkati kapena mkati. molingana ndi zaka, kugonana, kapena munthu 56,57,58.Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a foni yam'manja, monga malo amkati a mlongoti ndi malo a foni yam'manja pokhudzana ndi mutu wa wogwiritsa ntchito, zimakhudza kwambiri msinkhu ndi kugawidwa kwa SAR mu cerebral cortex59,60. mafupipafupi mu 1800 MHz range58, 59, 60, zikuwoneka kuti milingo ya SAR yopezedwa mu cortex yomvera yamunthu ikugwiritsidwabe ntchitobe theka la cerebral cortex yamunthu.
Pomaliza, kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti kuwonekera kwa mutu umodzi wokha wa LTE-1800 MHz kumasokoneza mayankho a neuronal a cortical neurons ku zolimbikitsa zomverera.Mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zam'mbuyo za zotsatira za GSM signing, zotsatira zathu zimasonyeza kuti zotsatira za LTE signing pa neuronal ntchito zimasiyana malinga ndi thanzi. kusintha kwa cortical processing ya zokondoweza zamakutu.
Deta inasonkhanitsidwa pamasiku a 55 kuchokera ku cerebral cortex ya 31 amphongo akuluakulu a Wistar makoswe omwe anapezeka mu labotale ya Janvier. Makoswe anasungidwa mu chinyezi (50-55%) ndi kutentha (22-24 ° C) malo olamulidwa ndi kuwala / mdima wa 12 h / 12 h (zowunikira za 30 pa 7: zowunikira zaulere pa 30am) zinkachitidwa ndi madzi. molingana ndi malangizo omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi Council of the European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive), omwe ndi ofanana ndi omwe akufotokozedwa mu Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research.Protocol iyi idavomerezedwa ndi Komiti ya Ethics Paris-Sud ndi Center (CEEA N ° 59, Project 2014-2014 National Protocol20) yovomerezeka ndi National Protocol2020. komiti iyi 32-2011 ndi 34-2012.
Zinyama zinkakhala m'zipinda za koloni kwa osachepera sabata la 1 musanayambe chithandizo cha LPS ndi kuwonetseredwa (kapena kuwonetseredwa) ku LTE-EMF.
Makoswe makumi awiri ndi awiri adayikidwa intraperitoneally (ip) ndi E. coli LPS (250 µg / kg, serotype 0127: B8, SIGMA) yosungunuka ndi saline wosabala endotoxin-free isotonic saline maola 24 pamaso pa LTE kapena sham exposure (n pa gulu). = 11) .Mu makoswe amphongo a Wistar wa miyezi iwiri, chithandizo cha LPS ichi chimapanga yankho la neuroinflammatory lomwe limadziwika mu ubongo wa cerebral cortex ndi ma jini angapo oletsa kutupa (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) anali olamulidwa ndi mawola a 24 pambuyo pa maola a 24 pambuyo pa jekeseni wa LPS ndi 4-4. Pa nthawi iyi ya 24-h, cortical microglia inawonetsa "dense" cell morphology yomwe ikuyembekezeka ndi LPS-yoyambitsa pro-inflammatory activation ya maselo (Chithunzi 1), chomwe chimasiyana ndi kuyambitsa kwa LPS ndi ena. Ma cell a pro-inflammatory activation amafanana ndi 24, 61.
Kuwonekera kwamutu kwa LTE EMF kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa koyesera komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kale kuti aone zotsatira za GSM EMF26.LTE kuwonetseredwa kunachitika maola 24 pambuyo pa jekeseni wa LPS (nyama 11) kapena palibe mankhwala a LPS (nyama 5) .Zinyama zinali zochepa zochepetsetsa ndi ketamine / xylazine (ketamine 80 mg / kg, xylazine 80 mg; kuwonetseredwa pofuna kupewa kusuntha komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mutu wa nyamayo unali mu antenna ya loop imatulutsa chizindikiro cha LTE Malo obwereketsa pansipa.Theka la makoswe ochokera ku khola lomwelo linagwiritsidwa ntchito monga maulamuliro (11 nyama zowonongeka, kuchokera ku makoswe a 22 pretreated ndi LPS): anayikidwa pansi pa antenna ya loop ndipo mphamvu ya LTE. 0.558, t-test yopanda pake, ns).Zinyama zonse zowonongeka zinayikidwa pazitsulo zopanda kutentha kwazitsulo kuti zisunge kutentha kwa thupi lawo mozungulira 37 ° C panthawi yonse yoyesera.Monga m'mayesero apitalo, nthawi yowonongeka inayikidwa kwa maola a 2. Pambuyo powonekera, ikani chiweto pamoto wina wotentha m'chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito.Njira yofanana ya rats untre ya 1 yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi theka la PS untre 0 inagwiritsidwa ntchito. sham-yowululidwa kuchokera ku khola lomwelo (p = 0.694).
Dongosolo lowonekera linali lofanana ndi machitidwe 25, 62 omwe adafotokozedwa m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu, jenereta yamagetsi yawayilesi idasinthidwa kuti ipange LTE m'malo mwa minda yamagetsi yamagetsi ya GSM. (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), circulator (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), awiri njira coupler (CD D 1824-2, - 30 dB, Sodhy, France) ndi njira zinayi zogawa mphamvu (DC D 0922-0922-0922-0922-4A mphamvu ya zinyama, France Expose 4N, 4N, 4N, 30 dB) (N1921A, Agilent, USA) yolumikizidwa ndi bidirectional coupler inalola kuyeza kosalekeza ndi kuyang'anitsitsa zochitika ndikuwonetsa mphamvu mkati mwa chipangizocho.Kutulutsa kulikonse kunali kolumikizidwa ndi mlongoti wa loop (Sama-Sistemi srl; Roma), kupangitsa kuwonetseredwa kwapang'ono kwa mutu wa nyama.Mlongoti wa loop uli ndi mizere iwiri yosindikizidwa (6)di yosindikizidwa. Pamapeto amodzi, chipangizocho chimakhala ndi waya wa 1 mm m'lifupi kupanga mphete yoyikidwa pafupi ndi mutu wa nyama.Monga m'maphunziro apitalo26,62, chiwerengero cha mayamwidwe enieni (SAR) chinatsimikiziridwa ndi manambala pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha makoswe ndi nthawi yosiyana (FDTD4) njira yoyesera653. Pachifukwa ichi, SAR mu W / kg imawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomekoyi: SAR = C ΔT / Δt, pamene C ndi mphamvu ya kutentha mu J / (kg K), ΔT, mu ° K ndi Δt Kusintha kwa Kutentha, nthawi mumasekondi. Kusiyana pakati pa miyeso ya manambala a SAR ndi ma SAR omwe apezeka moyesera ndi ochepera 30%.
Chithunzi 2a chikuwonetsa kugawa kwa SAR mu ubongo wa makoswe mu chitsanzo cha makoswe, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kugawidwa kwa kulemera kwa thupi ndi kukula kwa makoswe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziro lathu.Ubongo umatanthauza SAR inali 0.37 ± 0.23 W / kg (kutanthauza ± SD) .Makhalidwe a SAR ndi apamwamba kwambiri m'dera la cortical pansi pa loop antenna SAR .0x AC . 0.08 W / kg (amatanthawuza ± SD) (Mkuyu 2b) .Popeza kulemera kwa thupi la makoswe owonekera kumakhala kofanana ndipo kusiyana kwa makulidwe a minofu ya mutu kumakhala kosasamala, SAR yeniyeni ya ACx kapena madera ena a cortical ikuyembekezeka kukhala yofanana kwambiri pakati pa nyama yowonekera ndi ina.
Pamapeto pa kuwonetseredwa, nyama zinawonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala owonjezera a ketamine (20 mg / kg, ip) ndi xylazine (4 mg / kg, ip) mpaka palibe kusuntha kwa reflex komwe kunkawoneka pambuyo pa kugwedeza paw. kuika chinyama mu chimango cha stereotaxic, craniotomy inkachitidwa kumanzere kwa temporal cortex.Monga m'phunziro lathu lapitalo66, kuyambira pamgwirizano wa mafupa a parietal ndi temporal, kutsegula kunali 9 mm m'lifupi ndi 5 mm m'mwamba.Kukhazikika pamwamba pa ACx kunachotsedwa mosamala pansi pa ulamuliro wa binocular popanda kuwononga ndondomeko ya mapeyala a acrylic omwe anali mapeto a mitsempha ya acrylic. simenti yokonza mutu wa nyama panthawi yojambula.Ikani stereotaxic frame yothandizira nyamayo mu chipinda chochepetsera phokoso (IAC, model AC1).
Deta inapezedwa kuchokera ku zojambulira zamayunitsi ambiri mu kotekisi yoyamba yomvetsera ya makoswe a 20, kuphatikizapo nyama za 10 zojambulidwa ndi LPS.Zojambula za Extracellular zinapezedwa kuchokera kumagulu a 16 tungsten electrodes (TDT, ø: 33 µm, <1 MΩ) yomwe ili ndi mizere iwiri ya 800part 00mµm µmµm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm. ma electrodes mumzere womwewo) .Waya wa siliva (ø: 300 µm) wokhazikika unayikidwa pakati pa fupa lanthawi ndi nthawi yotsutsana.Malo omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ACx yoyamba ndi 4-7 mm kumbuyo kwa bregma ndi 3 mm ventral kwa supratemporal suture. data acquisition system (RX5, TDT) Zizindikiro zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku electrode iliyonse zinasefedwa (610-10,000 Hz) kuti zichotse ntchito zamagulu ambiri (MUA) . Miyezo ya trigger inayikidwa mosamala pa electrode iliyonse (ndi coauthors akhungu kuti awonetsere kapena kuwonetseredwa) kuti asankhe zochita zazikulu zomwe zingatheke kuchokera ku chizindikiro. zinali ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi 3 mpaka 6 neurons pafupi ndi ma electrodes. Kumayambiriro kwa kuyesera kulikonse, timayika malo a electrode array kuti mizere iwiri ya ma electrode eyiti iwonetsere ma neuroni, kuchokera kumunsi mpaka kuyankha kwafupipafupi pamene akuchitidwa mumayendedwe a rostral.
Zolimbikitsa zamayimbidwe zidapangidwa ku Matlab, zotumizidwa ku RP2.1 yochokera ku TDT ndikutumizidwa ku Fostex loudspeaker (FE87E) . Chowuziracho chinayikidwa 2 cm kuchokera kukhutu lakumanja la khoswe, pomwe chowulirachi chimatulutsa sipekitiramu yokhazikika (± 360 H) pakati pa ± 360 H kHz.Kukonza zokuzira mawu kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso ndi malankhulidwe oyera ojambulidwa ndi maikolofoni ya Bruel ndi Kjaer 4133 kuphatikiziridwa ndi preamplifier B&K 2169 ndi chojambulira chojambulira cha digito Marantz PMD671. Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) idatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito 97 gamma-toni yowonetsa ma frequency 4 oH30, ma frequency a 97 gamma-toni 4 oH30 mwachisawawa pa 75 dB SPL pa 4.15 Hz. Malo a Frequency Response Area (FRA) amatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito matani omwewo ndipo amaperekedwa mwachisawawa pa 2 Hz kuchokera ku 75 mpaka 5 dB SPL. Mafupipafupi aliwonse amaperekedwa kasanu ndi katatu pa mphamvu iliyonse.
M'kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, tidawona kuti mawu a makoswe samakonda kuyankha mwamphamvu mu ACx, mosasamala kanthu za neuronal optimal frequency (BF), pomwe xenograft-specific (monga, nyimbo za mbalame kapena ng'ombe) nthawi zambiri. (mluzu wogwiritsidwa ntchito mu 36 unalumikizidwa ndi 1 s ya zolimbikitsa, zoperekedwa nthawi 25).
Titha kusinthanso magawo a rf passive malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. Mutha kulowa patsamba losintha kuti mupereke zomwe mukufuna.
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