Nkhani

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Kufunika kowonjezereka kwa kulumikizana kwa mafoni kwapangitsa kuti pakhale ukadaulo wopanda zingwe (G), womwe ungakhale ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa machitidwe a zamoyo. Pofuna kuyesa izi, tinawonetsa makoswe kuti azitha kukhudzidwa ndi gawo la 4G long-term evolution (LTE)-1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) kwa maola awiri. Kenako tinayang'ana momwe lipopolysaccharide-induced acute neuroinflammation imakhudzira microglia spatial coverage ndi electrophysiological neuronal activity mu primary auditory cortex (ACx). SAR yapakati mu ACx ndi 0.5 W/kg. Zolemba zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti LTE-EMF imayambitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya yankho ku ma toni oyera ndi mawu achilengedwe, pomwe kuwonjezeka kwa acoustic threshold kwa ma frequency otsika komanso apakati. Iba1 immunohistochemistry sinawonetse kusintha kulikonse m'dera lomwe lili ndi matupi ndi njira za microglial. Mu makoswe athanzi, kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE komweko sikunapangitse kusintha kwa mphamvu ya yankho ndi malire a acoustic. Deta yathu ikuwonetsa kuti acute neuroinflammation imapangitsa ma neuron ku LTE-EMF, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa acoustic stimuli ku ACx kusinthe.
Malo ozungulira ma elekitiromagineti a anthu asintha kwambiri m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi chifukwa cha kukula kosalekeza kwa mauthenga opanda zingwe. Pakadali pano, anthu opitilira awiri mwa atatu amaonedwa kuti ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja (MP). Kufalikira kwakukulu kwa ukadaulo uwu kwayambitsa nkhawa ndi mkangano wokhudza zotsatira zoopsa za pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) mu radio frequency (RF), zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi ma MP kapena ma base station ndikuyika ma code olumikizirana. Nkhani yaumoyo wa anthu onseyi yalimbikitsa maphunziro angapo oyesera omwe adadzipereka kufufuza zotsatira za kuyamwa kwa radiofrequency m'thupi la zamoyo. Ena mwa maphunzirowa ayang'ana kusintha kwa ntchito ya neuronal network ndi njira zodziwira, chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa ubongo ku magwero a RF pogwiritsa ntchito MP kwambiri. Kafukufuku wambiri wonenedwa akufotokoza za zotsatira za ma pulse modulated signals omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu system yachiwiri (2G) global system for mobile communications (GSM) kapena wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/third generation universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2,3,4,5. Zochepa zomwe zimadziwika za zotsatira za ma radio frequency signals omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito zam'manja za m'badwo wachinayi (4G), zomwe zimadalira Ukadaulo wa intaneti wa digito wokha wotchedwa Long Term Evolution (LTE). Ukadakhazikitsidwa mu 2011, ntchito ya LTE handset ikuyembekezeka kufika kwa olembetsa a LTE padziko lonse lapansi okwana 6.6 biliyoni mu Januwale 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a GSM (2G) ndi WCDMA (3G) kutengera njira zosinthira ma single-carrier, LTE imagwiritsa ntchito Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ngati mtundu woyambira wa chizindikiro6. Padziko lonse lapansi, mautumiki apafoni a LTE amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma frequency band pakati pa 450 ndi 3700 MHz, kuphatikiza ma 900 ndi 1800 MHz band omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu GSM.
Kuthekera kwa RF kukhudza njira zamoyo kumatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa magazi (SAR) komwe kumawonetsedwa mu W/kg, komwe kumayesa mphamvu yomwe imalowa mu minofu yamoyo. Zotsatira za kuwonekera kwa mutu kwa mphindi 30 ku zizindikiro za 2.573 GHz LTE pa ntchito yapadziko lonse ya neuronal network zafufuzidwa posachedwapa mwa anthu athanzi odzipereka. Pogwiritsa ntchito fMRI yopuma, zidawonedwa kuti kuwonekera kwa LTE kumatha kuyambitsa kusinthasintha pang'onopang'ono kwa ma frequency ndi kusintha kwa kulumikizana kwamkati kapena pakati pa madera, pomwe kuchuluka kwa SAR komwe kumakhala pa 10 g ya minofu kunayerekezeredwa kuti kumasiyana pakati pa 0.42 ndi 1.52 W/ kg, malinga ndi mitu 7, 8, 9. Kusanthula kwa EEG pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana yowonekera (nthawi ya mphindi 30, kuchuluka kwa SAR komwe kumayerekezeredwa kukhala 1.34 W/kg pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo choyimira mutu wa munthu) kunawonetsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya spectral ndi mgwirizano wa hemispheric m'magulu a alpha ndi beta. Komabe, maphunziro ena awiri ozikidwa pa kusanthula kwa EEG adapeza kuti mphindi 20 kapena 30 za kuwonekera kwa mutu wa LTE, ndi kuchuluka kwa SAR komwe kumakhalapo komwe kumakhala pafupifupi 2 W/kg, sikunakhalepo zotsatira zodziwika11 kapena zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya spectral mu gulu la alpha ichepe, pomwe kuzindikira sikunasinthe momwe ntchito yoyesedwa ndi mayeso a Stroop 12 idayendera. Kusiyana kwakukulu kunapezekanso mu zotsatira za EEG kapena maphunziro a chidziwitso makamaka poyang'ana zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa GSM kapena UMTS EMF. Akuti amachokera ku kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka njira ndi magawo oyesera, kuphatikiza mtundu wa chizindikiro ndi kusintha, mphamvu ya kuwonetsedwa ndi nthawi, kapena kuchokera ku kusiyana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la zaka, kapangidwe ka thupi, kapena jenda.
Mpaka pano, kafukufuku wochepa wa nyama wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe momwe kukhudzana ndi chizindikiro cha LTE kumakhudzira ntchito ya ubongo. Posachedwapa zanenedwa kuti kukhudzana ndi mbewa zomwe zikukula kuyambira kumapeto kwa gawo la embryonic mpaka kuyamwa (mphindi 30 patsiku, masiku 5/sabata, ndi SAR yapakati ya thupi lonse ya 0.5 kapena 1 W/kg) kunapangitsa kuti machitidwe a thupi ndi chilakolako cha munthu asinthe akakula. 14. Kukumana ndi mobwerezabwereza (mahekitala 2 patsiku kwa masabata 6) mwa makoswe akuluakulu kunapezeka kuti kumayambitsa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndikuchepetsa kutalika kwa mphamvu zowoneka zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku mitsempha ya optic, ndi SAR yayikulu yomwe ikuyerekezeredwa kukhala yotsika ngati 10 mW/kg15.
Kuwonjezera pa kusanthula pa masikelo angapo, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa maselo ndi mamolekyu, mitundu ya makoswe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzira zotsatira za RF panthawi ya matenda, monga momwe kale zinkayang'ana pa GSM kapena WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF pankhani ya kutupa kwa neuroinflammation. Kafukufuku wasonyeza zotsatira za khunyu, matenda a neurodegenerative kapena gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Makoswe omwe amalowetsedwa ndi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha mayankho a kutupa kwa mitsempha omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda opatsirana osaopsa omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya omwe amakhudza anthu ambiri chaka chilichonse. Kutupa kumeneku kumabweretsa matenda osinthika komanso matenda ovutika maganizo omwe amadziwika ndi malungo, kusowa chilakolako cha chakudya, komanso kuchepa kwa kuyanjana ndi anthu. Ma phagocyte okhala m'malo mwa CNS monga microglia ndi maselo ofunikira kwambiri a yankho la kutupa kwa mitsempha. Kuchiza makoswe ndi LPS kumayambitsa kuyambitsa kwa microglia komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi kusintha mawonekedwe awo ndi machitidwe a maselo ndi kusintha kwakukulu mu mbiri ya transcriptome, kuphatikiza kukwera kwa majini omwe amalemba ma cytokines kapena ma enzymes oyambitsa kutupa, omwe amakhudza maukonde a neuronal Activities 22, 23, 24.
Pofufuza zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa mutu umodzi kwa maola awiri ku GSM-1800 MHz EMF mwa makoswe omwe amalandira LPS, tapeza kuti GSM signaling imayambitsa mayankho a maselo mu cerebral cortex, zomwe zimakhudza kufotokozedwa kwa majini, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing ndi mawonekedwe a microglia mu cerebral cortex. Zotsatirazi sizinapezeke mwa makoswe athanzi omwe adalandira kuwonetsedwa komweko kwa GSM, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mkhalidwe wa neuroinflammatory womwe umayambitsidwa ndi LPS umathandizira maselo a CNS ku chizindikiro cha GSM. Poyang'ana kwambiri pa auditory cortex (ACx) ya makoswe omwe amalandira LPS, komwe SAR yakomweko inali ndi avareji ya 1.55 W/kg, tawona kuti kuwonetsedwa kwa GSM kunapangitsa kuti kutalika kapena nthambi za njira zazing'ono za glial ziwonjezeke komanso kuchepa kwa mayankho a neuronal omwe amayambitsidwa ndi ma toni oyera ndi .Natural Stimulation 28.
Mu kafukufuku wapano, cholinga chathu chinali kufufuza ngati kuwonetsedwa ndi ma siginecha a LTE-1800 MHz pamutu kokha kungasinthe mawonekedwe a microglial ndi ntchito ya neuronal mu ACx, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuwonetsedwa ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu. Tikuwonetsa apa kuti ma siginecha a LTE sanakhudze njira za microglial koma adayambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya cortical yotulutsa mawu mu ACx ya makoswe omwe adalandira LPS okhala ndi SAR ya 0.5 W/kg.
Popeza tinapeza umboni wakale wosonyeza kuti kukhudzana ndi GSM-1800 MHz kunasintha mawonekedwe a microglial pansi pa matenda otupa, tinafufuza izi titakumana ndi chizindikiro cha LTE.
Makoswe akuluakulu adabayidwa ndi LPS maola 24 asanayambe kuwonetsedwa ndi sham pamutu kapena kuwonetsedwa ku LTE-1800 MHz. Atawonetsedwa, mayankho a neuroinflammatory omwe adayambitsidwa ndi LPS adakhazikitsidwa mu cerebral cortex, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kukwera kwa majini oyambitsa kutupa ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a cortical microglia (Chithunzi 1). Mphamvu yomwe mutu wa LTE udawonetsedwa idakhazikitsidwa kuti ipeze mulingo wapakati wa SAR wa 0.5 W/kg mu ACx (Chithunzi 2). Kuti tidziwe ngati microglia yoyambitsidwa ndi LPS inali yogwirizana ndi LTE EMF, tidasanthula magawo a cortical okhala ndi anti-Iba1 omwe adalemba mayina a maselowa mosankha. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 3a, m'magawo a ACx okhazikika maola 3 mpaka 4 atatha kuwonetsedwa ndi sham kapena LTE, microglia inkawoneka yofanana kwambiri, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a maselo "ofanana ndi olimba" omwe amayambitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha LPS choyambitsa kutupa (Chithunzi 1). Mogwirizana ndi kusakhalapo kwa mayankho a morphological, kusanthula kwazithunzi zochulukirapo sikunawonetse kusiyana kwakukulu mu dera lonse (test t-test yosaphatikizidwa, p = 0.308) kapena dera (p = 0.196) ndi kuchulukana (p = 0.061) kwa chitetezo chamthupi cha Iba1 poyerekeza kukhudzana ndi matupi a maselo a Iba 1 m'makoswe a LTE poyerekeza ndi nyama zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chinyengo (Chithunzi 3b-d).
Zotsatira za jakisoni wa LPS ip pa mawonekedwe a cortical microglia. Mawonekedwe oyimira a microglia mu gawo la coronal la cerebral cortex (dorsomedial region) maola 24 atalandira jakisoni wa LPS kapena galimoto (control) mkati mwa peritoneal. Maselo adapakidwa utoto wa anti-Iba1 antibody monga momwe tafotokozera kale. Chithandizo cha LPS chothandizira kutupa chinapangitsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a microglia, kuphatikiza kukhuthala kwa proximal ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nthambi zazifupi zachiwiri za machitidwe a ma cell, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe "ofanana ndi ang'onoang'ono". Scale bar: 20 µm.
Kusanthula kwa dosimetric kwa specific absorption rate (SAR) mu ubongo wa makoswe panthawi yokumana ndi 1800 MHz LTE. Chitsanzo chosiyana chomwe chafotokozedwa kale cha phantom rat ndi loop antenna62 chinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa SAR yapafupi mu ubongo, ndi gridi ya cubic ya 0.5 mm3.(a) Mawonekedwe apadziko lonse a chitsanzo cha makoswe pamalo owonekera ndi antenna ya loop pamwamba pa mutu ndi pedi yachitsulo yotentha (yachikasu) pansi pa thupi.(b) Kugawa kwa SAR mu ubongo wachikulire pa 0.5 mm3 spatial resolution. Dera lolekanitsidwa ndi mzere wakuda mu gawo la sagittal likugwirizana ndi primary auditory cortex komwe ntchito ya microglial ndi neuronal imasanthulidwa. Mulingo wolembedwa ndi mitundu ya SAR umagwira ntchito pa ma simulation onse a manambala omwe akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.
Microglia yolowetsedwa ndi LPS mu cortex ya makoswe pambuyo pa kukhudzana ndi LTE kapena Sham.(a) Chithunzi choyimira cha microglia yokhala ndi anti-Iba1 antibody m'magawo a korona a cortex ya makoswe opangidwa ndi perfused LPS maola 3 mpaka 4 pambuyo pa kukhudzana ndi Sham kapena LTE (kukhudzana ndi kukhudzana). Scale bar: 20 µm.(bd) Kuwunika kwa ma microglia maola 3 mpaka 4 pambuyo pa kukhudzana ndi sham (madontho otseguka) kapena kukhudzana ndi LTE (madontho akuda owonekera).(b, c) Kuphimba malo (b) kwa chizindikiro cha microglia Iba1 ndi madera a matupi a maselo a Iba1-positive (c). Deta ikuyimira malo odetsa a anti-Iba1 omwe ali abwinobwino kukhala apakati kuchokera ku ziweto zomwe zadetsa Sham.(d) Chiwerengero cha matupi a maselo a microglial owonetsedwa ndi anti-Iba1. Kusiyana pakati pa ziweto za Sham (n = 5) ndi LTE (n = 6) sikunali kofunikira (p > 0.05, mayeso a t osaphatikizidwa). Pamwamba ndi pansi pa bokosi, mizere yapamwamba ndi yapansi ikuyimira Peresenti ya 25-75 ndi peresenti ya 5-95, motsatana. Mtengo wapakati walembedwa mofiira m'bokosi.
Gome 1 likufotokoza mwachidule ziwerengero za nyama ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zapezeka mu primary auditory cortex ya magulu anayi a makoswe (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS). Mu zotsatira zomwe zili pansipa, tikuphatikiza zolemba zonse zomwe zikuwonetsa gawo lofunikira la spectral temporal receptive field (STRF), mwachitsanzo, mayankho otulutsa mawu osachepera 6 standard deviations apamwamba kuposa ma automatic fire rates (onani Gome 1). Pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo uwu, tinasankha zolemba 266 za gulu la Sham, zolemba 273 za gulu la Exposed, zolemba 299 za gulu la Sham-LPS, ndi zolemba 295 za gulu la Exposed-LPS.
Mu ndime zotsatirazi, choyamba tidzafotokoza magawo otengedwa kuchokera ku gawo lolandirira la spectral-temporal (ndiko kuti, yankho ku ma toni oyera) ndi yankho ku mawu enieni a xenogeneic. Kenako tidzafotokoza kuchuluka kwa dera loyankhira pafupipafupi lomwe lapezeka pa gulu lililonse. Poganizira za kukhalapo kwa "deta yosungidwa"30 mu kapangidwe kathu koyesera, kusanthula konse kwa ziwerengero kunachitika kutengera kuchuluka kwa malo mu electrode array (mzere womaliza mu Table 1), koma zotsatira zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa zidachokeranso ku chiwerengero cha malo mu gulu lililonse. Chiwerengero chonse cha zojambulidwa za multiunit zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa (mzere wachitatu mu Table 1).
Chithunzi 4a chikuwonetsa kugawa kwabwino kwambiri kwa ma frequency (BF, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale yankho lalikulu pa 75 dB SPL) ya ma cortical neurons omwe amapezeka mu LPS-treated Sham ndi nyama zomwe zakhudzidwa. Ma frequency a BF m'magulu onsewa adakulitsidwa kuchokera pa 1 kHz mpaka 36 kHz. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunawonetsa kuti magawanowa anali ofanana (chi-square, p = 0.278), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kufananiza pakati pa magulu awiriwa kungapangidwe popanda kusankha chitsanzo.
Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa magawo oyezedwa a mayankho a cortical mu nyama zomwe zimalandira chithandizo cha LPS.(a) Kufalikira kwa BF mu ma neuron a cortical a nyama zomwe zimalandira chithandizo cha LPS zomwe zimalandira chithandizo cha LTE (chakuda) ndi sham-exposed ku LTE (yoyera). Palibe kusiyana pakati pa magawidwe awiriwa.(bf) Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa magawo omwe amawerengera munda wolandirira wa spectral temporal (STRF). Mphamvu ya mayankho inachepetsedwa kwambiri (*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test) kudutsa STRF (total response strength) ndi ma frequency olondola (b,c). Nthawi yoyankha, bandwidth yoyankha, ndi bandwidth yokhazikika (df). Mphamvu ndi kudalirika kwa mayankho ku mawu kunachepetsedwa (g, h). Ntchito yodziyimira yokha sinachepe kwambiri (i).(*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test).(j,k) Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa malire a cortical. Miyezo yapakati inali yayikulu kwambiri mu makoswe omwe amalandira chithandizo cha LTE poyerekeza ndi makoswe omwe amalandira chithandizo cha sham. Zotsatirazi zimaonekera kwambiri pamafupipafupi otsika ndi apakati.
Zithunzi 4b-f zikuwonetsa kufalikira kwa magawo ochokera ku STRF kwa nyama izi (njira zomwe zawonetsedwa ndi mizere yofiira). Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa nyama zomwe zalandira chithandizo cha LPS zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kusangalala kwa mitsempha. Choyamba, mphamvu yonse yoyankha ndi mayankho zinali zochepa kwambiri mu BF poyerekeza ndi nyama za Sham-LPS (Chithunzi 4b,c unpaired t-test, p = 0.0017; ndi p = 0.0445). Momwemonso, mayankho ku mawu olumikizirana adachepa mu mphamvu yonse yoyankha komanso kudalirika pakati pa mayeso (Chithunzi 4g,h; unpaired t-test, p = 0.043). Ntchito yodziyimira yokha idachepetsedwa, koma zotsatira zake sizinali zazikulu (Chithunzi 4i; p = 0.0745). Nthawi yoyankha, kusintha kwa bandwidth, ndi nthawi yoyankha sizinakhudzidwe ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE mwa nyama zomwe zalandira chithandizo cha LPS (Chithunzi 4d-f), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kusankha pafupipafupi komanso kulondola kwa mayankho oyambira sikunakhudzidwe ndi kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE mwa nyama zomwe zalandira chithandizo cha LPS.
Kenako tinayesa ngati malire a cortical a tone oyera adasinthidwa ndi kufalikira kwa LTE. Kuchokera ku dera la mayankho afupipafupi (FRA) lomwe linapezedwa kuchokera ku kujambula kulikonse, tinapeza malire a makutu a pafupipafupi iliyonse ndikupeza malire awa pamagulu onse awiri a nyama. Chithunzi 4j chikuwonetsa malire apakati (± sem) kuyambira 1.1 mpaka 36 kHz m'makoswe omwe amathandizidwa ndi LPS. Poyerekeza malire a makutu a magulu a Sham ndi Exposed adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa malire mu nyama zomwe zimawonetsedwa poyerekeza ndi nyama za Sham (Chithunzi 4j), zotsatira zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino pamafupipafupi otsika ndi apakati. Mwachindunji, pamafupipafupi otsika (< 2.25 kHz), gawo la ma neuron a A1 okhala ndi malire apamwamba linawonjezeka, pomwe gawo la ma neuron otsika ndi apakati linachepa (chi-square = 43.85; p < 0.0001; Chithunzi 4k, kumanzere Chithunzi). Zotsatira zomwezo zinawoneka pa mid-frequency (2.25 < Freq(kHz) < 11): chiwerengero chachikulu cha zolembedwa za cortical ndi miyeso yapakati ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha ma neuron okhala ndi miyeso yotsika poyerekeza ndi gulu losadziwika (Chi - Square = 71.17; p < 0.001; Chithunzi 4k, gulu lapakati). Panalinso kusiyana kwakukulu pa threshold ya ma neuron okhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba (≥ 11 kHz, p = 0.0059); chiwerengero cha ma neuron okhala ndi miyeso yotsika chinachepa ndipo chiwerengero cha mid-high threshold chinawonjezeka (chi-square = 10.853; p = 0.04 Chithunzi 4k, gulu lamanja).
Chithunzi 5a chikuwonetsa kugawa kwabwino kwambiri kwa ma frequency (BF, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale yankho lalikulu pa 75 dB SPL) la ma cortical neurons omwe amapezeka m'zinyama zathanzi za magulu a Sham ndi Exposed. Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero kunawonetsa kuti kugawa konseku kunali kofanana (chi-square, p = 0.157), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kufananiza pakati pa magulu awiriwa kungapangidwe popanda kusankha chitsanzo.
Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa magawo oyezedwa a mayankho a cortical mwa nyama zathanzi.(a) Kufalikira kwa BF mu ma neuron a cortical a nyama zathanzi zomwe zimawonetsedwa ku LTE (buluu lakuda) ndi sham-exposed ku LTE (buluu lopepuka). Palibe kusiyana pakati pa magawidwe awiriwa.(bf) Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa magawo oyesa munda wolandila wa spectral temporal (STRF).Panalibe kusintha kwakukulu mu mphamvu ya yankho kudutsa STRF ndi ma frequency abwino kwambiri (b, c).Pali kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa nthawi yoyankha (d), koma palibe kusintha kwa bandwidth yoyankha ndi bandwidth (e, f). Mphamvu kapena kudalirika kwakanthawi kwa mayankho ku mawu sizinasinthe (g, h).Panalibe kusintha kwakukulu mu zochita zodzidzimutsa (i).(*p < 0.05 unpaired t-test).(j,k) Zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE pa malire a cortical.Pa avareji, malire sanasinthe kwambiri mu makoswe omwe amawonetsedwa ku LTE poyerekeza ndi makoswe omwe amawonetsedwa ku Sham, koma malire apamwamba kwambiri anali otsika pang'ono mu nyama zomwe zimawonetsedwa.
Zithunzi 5b-f zikuwonetsa ma boxplots omwe akuyimira kugawa ndi avereji (mzere wofiira) wa magawo ochokera ku magulu awiri a STRF. Mu nyama zathanzi, kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE kokha sikunakhudze kwambiri mtengo wapakati wa magawo a STRF. Poyerekeza ndi gulu la Sham (mabokosi owala motsutsana ndi abuluu akuda a gulu lowonekera), kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE sikunasinthe mphamvu yonse ya yankho kapena yankho la BF (Chithunzi 5b, c; mayeso a t osaphatikizidwa, p = 0.2176, ndi p = 0.8696 motsatana). Panalibenso zotsatira pa bandwidth ya spectral ndi latency (p = 0.6764 ndi p = 0.7129, motsatana), koma panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nthawi yoyankha (p = 0.047). Panalibenso zotsatira pa mphamvu ya mayankho a mawu (Chithunzi 5g, p = 0.4375), kudalirika kwa mayankho awa pakati pa mayesero (Chithunzi 5h, p = 0.3412), ndi zochita zodziyimira pawokha (Chithunzi 5).5i; p = 0.3256).
Chithunzi 5j chikuwonetsa malire apakati (± sem) kuyambira 1.1 mpaka 36 kHz mwa makoswe athanzi. Sizinawonetse kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa sham ndi makoswe owonekera, kupatula malire otsika pang'ono mwa nyama zowonekera pamafupipafupi apamwamba (11–36 kHz) (test t-test yosaphatikizidwa, p = 0.0083). Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti mwa nyama zowonekera, mu frequency range iyi (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Chithunzi 5k), panali ma neuron ambiri pang'ono okhala ndi malire otsika ndi apakati (pomwe malire okwera) ma neuron ochepa).
Pomaliza, pamene nyama zathanzi zinkakumana ndi LTE, panalibe chomwe chinkakhudza mphamvu yoyankhira ku mawu oyera ndi mawu ovuta monga mawu. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa nyama zathanzi, malire a mawu a cortical anali ofanana pakati pa nyama zowonekera ndi zachinyengo, pomwe mwa nyama zomwe zimalandira chithandizo cha LPS, kuwonekera kwa LTE kunapangitsa kuti madera a cortical akwere kwambiri, makamaka m'malo otsika komanso apakati.
Kafukufuku wathu adawonetsa kuti mwa makoswe achikulire omwe ali ndi kutupa kwa mitsempha, kukhudzidwa ndi LTE-1800 MHz ndi SARACx yapafupi ya 0.5 W/kg (onani Njira) kunapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mayankho oyambitsidwa ndi mawu muzolemba zoyambirira za kulumikizana kuchepe. Kusintha kumeneku mu ntchito ya neuronal kunachitika popanda kusintha kulikonse komwe kumawonekera pamlingo wa malo omwe amaphimbidwa ndi njira zazing'ono za glial. Zotsatira za LTE pa mphamvu ya mayankho oyambitsidwa ndi cortical sizinawonekere mwa makoswe athanzi. Poganizira kufanana kwa kugawa bwino kwa ma frequency pakati pa mayunitsi ojambulira mu nyama zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi LTE ndi nyama zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi sham, kusiyana kwa reactivity ya neuronal kungayambitsidwe ndi zotsatira za biological za zizindikiro za LTE m'malo mwa kusankha zitsanzo (Chithunzi 4a). Kuphatikiza apo, kusakhalapo kwa kusintha kwa kuchedwa kwa mayankho ndi bandwidth yosinthira ma spectral mu makoswe omwe amawonetsedwa ndi LTE kukuwonetsa kuti, mwina, zojambulidwazi zidatengedwa kuchokera ku zigawo zomwezo za cortical, zomwe zili mu ACx yoyamba osati madera achiwiri.
Monga momwe tikudziwira, zotsatira za chizindikiro cha LTE pa mayankho a mitsempha sizinanenedwepo kale. Komabe, maphunziro am'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuthekera kwa GSM-1800 MHz kapena 1800 MHz continuous wave (CW) kusintha kukhudzika kwa mitsempha, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu kutengera njira yoyesera. Patangopita nthawi yochepa atakumana ndi 1800 MHz CW pamlingo wa SAR wa 8.2 W/Kg, zolemba kuchokera ku snail ganglia zidawonetsa kuchepa kwa malire oyambitsa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito komanso kusintha kwa mitsempha. Kumbali ina, kukwera ndi kuphulika kwa ntchito m'matenda oyamba a mitsempha yochokera ku ubongo wa makoswe kunachepetsedwa pokumana ndi GSM-1800 MHz kapena 1800 MHz CW kwa mphindi 15 pa SAR ya 4.6 W/kg. Kuletsa kumeneku kunangosinthidwa pang'ono mkati mwa mphindi 30 kuchokera pamene adakumana ndi vutoli. Kutonthozedwa kwathunthu kwa ma neuron kunapezeka pa SAR ya 9.2 W/kg. Kusanthula kwa mlingo-kuyankhidwa kunawonetsa kuti GSM-1800 MHz inali yothandiza kwambiri kuposa 1800 MHz CW mu kuletsa ntchito yophulika, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mayankho a mitsempha amadalira kusintha kwa chizindikiro cha RF.
Mu malo athu, mayankho ochokera ku cortical evoked adasonkhanitsidwa mu vivo maola 3 mpaka 6 pambuyo poti kuwonekera kwa mutu kwa maola awiri okha kutha. Mu kafukufuku wakale, tidafufuza momwe GSM-1800 MHz imakhudzira SARACx ya 1.55 W/kg ndipo sitinapeze zotsatirapo zazikulu pa mayankho ochokera ku cortical omwe amamveka bwino mwa makoswe athanzi. Pano, zotsatira zokhazo zomwe zimayambitsidwa mwa makoswe athanzi chifukwa chokumana ndi LTE-1800 pa 0.5 W/kg SARACx inali kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa nthawi ya yankho pamene ma toni oyera akuwonetsedwa. Zotsatirazi n'zovuta kufotokoza chifukwa sizimayenderana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya yankho, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nthawi yayitali yoyankha imachitika ndi kuchuluka komweko kwa mphamvu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi ma neuron a cortical. Kufotokozera kwina kungakhale kuti kuwonekera kwa LTE kungachepetse ntchito ya ma interneurons ena oletsa, monga momwe zalembedwera kuti mu primary ACx feedforward inhibition imalamulira nthawi ya mayankho a pyramidal cell omwe amayamba chifukwa cha excitatory thalamic input33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, makoswe omwe adakumana ndi kutupa kwa mitsempha chifukwa cha LPS, kukhudzidwa kwa LTE sikunakhudze nthawi yomwe mitsempha imatuluka ndi mawu, koma zotsatira zake zazikulu zidapezeka pa mphamvu ya mayankho omwe adatuluka. Ndipotu, poyerekeza ndi mayankho a mitsempha omwe adalembedwa mu makoswe omwe adakumana ndi LPS, ma neuron omwe adakumana ndi LPS omwe adakumana ndi LTE adawonetsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya mayankho awo, zomwe zidawoneka powonetsa mawu oyera komanso mawu achilengedwe. Kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya yankho ku mawu oyera kunachitika popanda kuchepetsa bandwidth ya spectral tuning ya 75 dB, ndipo popeza idachitika pamphamvu zonse za mawu, zidapangitsa kuti ma acoustic threshold a cortical neurons achuluke pama frequency otsika komanso apakati.
Kuchepa kwa mphamvu yoyankhira yomwe yabwera kunasonyeza kuti zotsatira za chizindikiro cha LTE pa SARACx ya 0.5 W/kg mwa nyama zomwe zimalandira chithandizo cha LPS zinali zofanana ndi za GSM-1800 MHz zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa SARACx yokwera katatu (1.55 W/kg) 28. Ponena za chizindikiro cha GSM, kuwonetsedwa kwa mutu ku LTE-1800 MHz kungachepetse kusangalala kwa mitsempha m'ma neuron a ACx a makoswe omwe amavutika ndi kutupa kwa mitsempha chifukwa cha LPS. Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, tinawonanso chizolowezi chotsika kudalirika kwa mayankho a mitsempha poyankha mawu (Chithunzi 4h) ndi kuchepa kwa zochita zodziyimira pawokha (Chithunzi 4i). Komabe, zakhala zovuta kudziwa mu vivo ngati chizindikiro cha LTE chimachepetsa kusangalala kwa mitsempha kapena kuchepetsa kulowetsa kwa synaptic, motero kuwongolera mayankho a mitsempha mu ACx.
Choyamba, mayankho ofooka awa akhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kusinthasintha kwa maselo a cortical pambuyo pokumana ndi LTE 1800 MHz. Pothandizira lingaliro ili, GSM-1800 MHz ndi 1800 MHz-CW zinachepetsa kuphulika kwa ntchito pamene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ku miyambo yoyambirira ya ma neuron a makoswe a cortical omwe ali ndi SAR ya 3.2 W/kg ndi 4.6 W/kg, motsatana, koma mlingo wa SAR wocheperako unkafunika kuti uchepetse kwambiri kuphulika kwa ntchito. Polimbikitsa kuchepa kwa kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, tinawonanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa kuwombera mwadzidzidzi mwa nyama zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi ngozi kuposa nyama zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi ngozi.
Chachiwiri, kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE kungakhudzenso kufalikira kwa synaptic kuchokera ku thalamo-cortical kapena cortical-cortical synapses. Zolemba zambiri tsopano zikuwonetsa kuti, mu auditory cortex, kukula kwa spectral tuning sikungotsimikiziridwa ndi afferent thalamic projections, koma kuti intracortical connections imapereka zowonjezera spectral ku malo a cortical39,40. Mu zoyeserera zathu, mfundo yakuti cortical STRF inawonetsa ma bandwidth ofanana mu nyama zowonekera komanso zowonekera mwachinyengo inanena mosapita m'mbali kuti zotsatira za kuwonetsedwa kwa LTE sizinali zotsatira pa kugwirizanitsa kwa cortical-cortical. Izi zikusonyezanso kuti kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu m'madera ena a cortical omwe amawonekera pa SAR kuposa momwe anayesedwa mu ACx (Chithunzi 2) sikungakhale chifukwa cha mayankho osinthidwa omwe anenedwa pano.
Apa, gawo lalikulu la zolemba za cortical zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi LPS zidawonetsa malire apamwamba poyerekeza ndi nyama zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi LPS. Popeza zanenedwa kuti malire a cortical acoustic makamaka amalamulidwa ndi mphamvu ya thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, zitha kukayikiridwa kuti kufalikira kwa thalamo-cortical kumachepetsedwa pang'ono ndi kuwonetsedwa, kaya presynaptic (kuchepetsedwa kwa glutamate release) kapena postsynaptic level (kuchepetsedwa kwa chiwerengero cha receptor kapena affinity).
Mofanana ndi zotsatira za GSM-1800 MHz, mayankho a neuronal osinthidwa omwe amayambitsidwa ndi LTE anachitika pankhani ya kutupa kwa mitsempha komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi LPS, komwe kumadziwika ndi mayankho a microglial. Umboni wapano ukusonyeza kuti microglia imakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya ma neuronal network mu ubongo wabwinobwino komanso woyambitsa matenda41,42,43. Kutha kwawo kusintha ma neurotransmission sikudalira kokha pakupanga mankhwala omwe amapanga omwe angachepetse kapena kuchepetsa ma neurotransmission, komanso pakuyenda kwakukulu kwa ma cell process awo. Mu cerebral cortex, kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito ya ma neuronal network kumayambitsa kukula mwachangu kwa microglial spatial domain chifukwa cha kukula kwa ma microglial process44,45. Makamaka, ma microglial protrusions amatengedwa pafupi ndi activated thalamocortical synapses ndipo amatha kuletsa ntchito ya excitatory synapses kudzera mu njira zomwe zimaphatikizapo microglia-mediated local adenosine production.
Mu makoswe omwe adalandira chithandizo cha LPS ku GSM-1800 MHz ndi SARACx pa 1.55 W/kg, kuchepa kwa ntchito ya ma neuron a ACx kunachitika ndi kukula kwa njira zazing'ono zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi madera akuluakulu okhala ndi Iba1 mu ACx28 Increase. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa ma microglial komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha GSM kungathandize kwambiri kuchepetsa mayankho a neuronal omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mawu a GSM. Kafukufuku wathu wapano akutsutsana ndi lingaliro ili pankhani ya kuwonekera kwa mutu wa LTE ndi SARACx komwe kumakhala kochepa pa 0.5 W/kg, chifukwa sitinapeze kuwonjezeka kwa malo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi njira zazing'ono. Komabe, izi sizikuchotsa zotsatira zilizonse za chizindikiro cha LTE pa microglia yomwe imagwira ntchito ku LPS, zomwe zingakhudze ntchito ya neuronal. Maphunziro ena amafunikira kuti ayankhe funsoli ndikudziwa njira zomwe kutupa kwa neuroinflammation kumasinthira mayankho a neuronal ku chizindikiro cha LTE.
Monga momwe tikudziwira, zotsatira za zizindikiro za LTE pa ntchito yomvera sizinaphunzirepo kale. Kafukufuku wathu wakale 26,28 ndi kafukufuku wapano wasonyeza kuti pakakhala kutupa kwakukulu, kuwonekera kwa mutu kokha ku GSM-1800 MHz kapena LTE-1800 MHz kunapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a ma neuronal responses mu ACx, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kuwonjezeka kwa malire a kumva. Pazifukwa ziwiri zazikulu, ntchito ya cochlear siyenera kukhudzidwa ndi kuwonekera kwathu kwa LTE. Choyamba, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu kafukufuku wa dosimetry womwe wawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2, milingo yayikulu ya SAR (pafupi ndi 1 W/kg) ili mu dorsomedial cortex (pansi pa antenna), ndipo imachepa kwambiri pamene munthu akuyenda mozungulira komanso mozungulira. Gawo lamkati la mutu. Likhoza kuyerekezeredwa kukhala pafupifupi 0.1 W/kg pamlingo wa pinna ya makoswe (pansi pa ngalande ya khutu). Chachiwiri, pamene makutu a nkhumba ya Guinea adawonekera kwa miyezi iwiri pa GSM 900 MHz (masiku 5/sabata, ola limodzi/tsiku, SAR pakati pa 1 ndi 4 W/kg), panalibe kusintha komwe kumawoneka pa kukula kwa zinthu zosokoneza zomwe zimapezeka mu otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditory Brainstem Responses 47. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa mutu ku GSM 900 kapena 1800 MHz pa SAR yapafupi ya 2 W/kg sikunakhudze ntchito ya maselo a tsitsi lakunja la cochlear m'makoswe athanzi48,49. Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi deta yomwe idapezeka mwa anthu, pomwe kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuwonetsedwa kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 30 ku EMF kuchokera ku mafoni a m'manja a GSM sikukhudza nthawi zonse momwe mawu amagwirira ntchito monga momwe adayesedwera pa cochlear50,51,52​​kapena mulingo wa ubongo53,54.
Mu kafukufuku wathu, kusintha kwa ma neuronal fireing komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi LTE kunawonedwa mu vivo maola 3 mpaka 6 pambuyo poti kuwonekera kwatha. Mu kafukufuku wakale pa gawo la dorsomedial la cortex, zotsatira zingapo zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi GSM-1800 MHz zomwe zinawonedwa maola 24 pambuyo poti kuwonekera sizinawonekenso patatha maola 72 kuchokera pamene kuwonekera. Izi ndi momwe zilili ndi kufalikira kwa njira za microglial, kuchepa kwa jini la IL-1ß komanso kusintha kwa AMPA receptors pambuyo pa kumasulira. Poganizira kuti cortex yomvera ili ndi SAR yotsika (0.5W/kg) kuposa dera la dorsomedial (2.94W/kg26), kusintha kwa ntchito ya neuronal komwe kwanenedwa pano kumawoneka ngati kosakhalitsa.
Deta yathu iyenera kuganizira malire oyenerera a SAR ndi kuyerekezera kwa ma SAR enieni omwe apezeka mu ubongo wa ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja. Miyezo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza anthu imayika malire a SAR kukhala 2 W/kg kuti mutu kapena thupi lanu liziwonetsedwa ndi ma wailesi pafupipafupi pa 100 kHz ndi 6 GHz RF.
Kuyerekezera mlingo kwachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mutu wa munthu kuti adziwe kuyamwa kwa mphamvu ya RF m'maselo osiyanasiyana a mutu panthawi yolankhulana mutu wonse kapena pafoni yam'manja. Kuphatikiza pa kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mutu wa munthu, kuyerekezera kumeneku kukuwonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kapena kusatsimikizika pakuyerekeza mphamvu zomwe ubongo umayamwa kutengera magawo a anatomical kapena histological monga mawonekedwe akunja kapena amkati a chigaza, makulidwe, kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mutu imasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi zaka, jenda, kapena munthu aliyense 56,57,58. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a foni yam'manja, monga malo amkati a antenna ndi malo a foni yam'manja poyerekeza ndi mutu wa wogwiritsa ntchito, zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka ndi kufalikira kwa ma SAR mu cerebral cortex59,60. Komabe, poganizira kugawa kwa SAR komwe kunanenedwa mu cerebral cortex ya munthu, komwe kudakhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku mitundu ya foni yam'manja yomwe imatulutsa ma radio frequency mu 1800 MHz range58, 59, 60, zikuwoneka kuti milingo ya SAR yomwe idapezeka mu cerebral cortex ya munthu ikadali yosagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino theka la cerebral cortex ya munthu. Kafukufuku wathu (SARACx 0.5 W/kg). Chifukwa chake, deta yathu siyikutsutsa malire apano a SAR omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu onse.
Pomaliza, kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti kukhudzana ndi LTE-1800 MHz kamodzi kokha kumasokoneza mayankho a mitsempha ya cortical neurons ku zoyambitsa za sensory. Mogwirizana ndi momwe zidalili kale za zotsatira za GSM signaling, zotsatira zathu zikusonyeza kuti zotsatira za LTE signaling pa ntchito ya neuronal zimasiyana malinga ndi thanzi. Kutupa kwa neuroinflammation yoopsa kumathandizira ma neuron ku LTE-1800 MHz, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cortical processing ya zoyambitsa zakumva isinthe.
Deta inasonkhanitsidwa ali ndi masiku 55 kuchokera ku ubongo wa makoswe 31 achikulire a Wistar omwe adapezeka mu labotale ya Janvier. Makoswe anaikidwa m'malo onyowa (50-55%) ndi kutentha (22-24 °C) ndi kuwala/mdima kwa maola 12/12 (magetsi amayatsidwa nthawi ya 7:30am) ndi mwayi wopeza chakudya ndi madzi. Kuyesa konse kunachitika motsatira malangizo omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi Council of the European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive), omwe ndi ofanana ndi omwe adafotokozedwa mu Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research. Ndondomekoyi idavomerezedwa ndi Ethics Committee Paris-Sud and Center (CEEA N°59, Project 2014-25, National Protocol 03729.02) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zidatsimikiziridwa ndi komiti iyi 32-2011 ndi 34-2012.
Zinyama zinayikidwa m'zipinda za koloni kwa sabata imodzi isanayambe kulandira chithandizo cha LPS komanso kukhudzidwa ndi LTE-EMF (kapena chinyengo).
Makoswe makumi awiri ndi awiri adabayidwa jakisoni mkati mwa peritoneum (ip) ndi E. coli LPS (250 µg/kg, serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) yochepetsedwa ndi saline ya isotonic yopanda endotoxin maola 24 LTE isanalowe kapena kulowetsedwa m'thupi (n pa gulu lililonse). = 11). Mu makoswe aamuna a Wistar a miyezi iwiri, chithandizo cha LPS ichi chimapanga yankho la kutupa kwa mitsempha lomwe limawonetsedwa mu cortex ya ubongo ndi majini angapo oyambitsa kutupa (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) adakwezedwa maola 24 atalandira jakisoni wa LPS, kuphatikiza kuwonjezeka kwa 4 ndi 12 kwa kuchuluka kwa zolemba zomwe zimapanga enzyme ya NOX2 ndi interleukin 1ß, motsatana. Pa nthawi iyi ya maola 24, cortical microglia idawonetsa mawonekedwe a maselo "olimba" omwe amayembekezeredwa ndi kuyambitsa kwa maselo oyambitsa kutupa kwa LPS (Chithunzi 1), chomwe chikusiyana ndi kuyambitsa kwa LPS komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi ena. Kuyambitsa kwa maselo oyambitsa kutupa kumafanana ndi 24, 61.
Kukumana ndi LTE EMF pamutu kokha kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale poyesa momwe GSM EMF26 imakhudzira. Kukumana ndi LTE kunachitika maola 24 pambuyo pa jakisoni wa LPS (nyama 11) kapena osalandira chithandizo cha LPS (nyama 5). Nyama zinapatsidwa mankhwala oletsa ululu pang'ono ndi ketamine/xylazine (ketamine 80 mg/kg, ip; xylazine 10 mg/kg, ip) zisanalowe m'thupi kuti zisayende komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mutu wa nyamayo uli mu antenna yozungulira yomwe imatulutsa chizindikiro cha LTE. Malo omwe angabwerezedwenso pansipa. Hafu ya makoswe ochokera m'khola lomwelo adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati owongolera (nyama 11 zomwe zimakumana ndi sham, mwa makoswe 22 omwe adachiritsidwa kale ndi LPS): adayikidwa pansi pa antenna yozungulira ndipo mphamvu ya chizindikiro cha LTE idayikidwa pa zero. Kulemera kwa nyama zomwe zimakumana ndi sham kunali kofanana (p = 0.558, t-test yosalumikizidwa, ns). Nyama zonse zomwe zinapatsidwa mankhwala oletsa ululu zidayikidwa pa chotenthetsera chopanda chitsulo kuti zisunge kutentha kwa thupi lawo pafupifupi 37°C panthawi yonse yoyesera. Monga Mu zoyeserera zam'mbuyomu, nthawi yowonekera idakhazikitsidwa pa maola awiri. Mukawonekera, ikani nyamayo pa chotenthetsera china m'chipinda chochitira opaleshoni. Njira yowonekeranso idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa makoswe 10 athanzi (osalandira chithandizo ndi LPS), omwe theka lawo adawonekera kuchokera ku khola lomwelo (p = 0.694).
Dongosolo lowonetsera mphamvu linali lofanana ndi machitidwe 25, 62 omwe adafotokozedwa m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu, pomwe jenereta ya ma frequency a wailesi idasinthidwa kuti ipange LTE m'malo mwa minda yamagetsi ya GSM. Mwachidule, jenereta ya RF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Germany) yotulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi ya LTE - 1800 MHz idalumikizidwa ku amplifier yamagetsi (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), circulator (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), cholumikizira cha njira ziwiri (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, France) ndi chogawa mphamvu cha njira zinayi (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, France), zomwe zimalola nthawi imodzi Kuwonetsa zinyama zinayi. Chida choyezera mphamvu (N1921A, Agilent, USA) cholumikizidwa ku cholumikizira cha mbali ziwiri chinalola kuyeza kosalekeza ndi kuyang'anira zomwe zachitika ndipo mphamvu inkawonekera mkati mwa chipangizocho. Chotulutsa chilichonse chinalumikizidwa ku antenna yozungulira (Sama-Sistemi). srl; Roma), zomwe zimathandiza kuti mutu wa nyamayo uwoneke pang'ono. Antena yozungulira imakhala ndi dera losindikizidwa lokhala ndi mizere iwiri yachitsulo (dielectric constant εr = 4.6) yolembedwa pa epoxy substrate yoteteza. Kumapeto kwake, chipangizocho chimakhala ndi waya wa 1 mm m'lifupi womwe umapanga mphete yoyikidwa pafupi ndi mutu wa nyamayo. Monga momwe zinalili m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu 26,62, specific absorption rate (SAR) idadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha makoswe a manambala ndi njira ya finite difference time domain (FDTD) 63,64,65. Adadziwikanso mwa kuyesa mu chitsanzo cha makoswe amodzimodzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma probe a Luxtron kuti ayesere kukwera kwa kutentha. Pankhaniyi, SAR mu W/kg imawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fomula iyi: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, pomwe C ndiye mphamvu ya kutentha mu J/(kg K), ΔT, mu °K ndi Δt Kusintha kwa kutentha, nthawi mumasekondi. Ma SAR omwe adadziwika mwa manambala adayerekezeredwa ndi ma SAR omwe adapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chofanana, makamaka m'malo ofanana ndi ubongo wa makoswe. Kusiyana pakati pa muyeso wa SAR wa manambala ndi Ma SAR omwe adapezeka mwamwayi ndi ochepera 30%.
Chithunzi 2a chikuwonetsa kufalikira kwa SAR mu ubongo wa makoswe mu chitsanzo cha makoswe, chomwe chikugwirizana ndi kufalikira kwake malinga ndi kulemera kwa thupi ndi kukula kwa makoswe omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufuku wathu. Avereji ya ubongo SAR inali 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (avereji ± SD). Ma SAR ​​ndi apamwamba kwambiri m'dera la cortical pansi pa antenna yozungulira. SAR yakomweko mu ACx (SARACx) inali 0.50 ± 0.08 W/kg (avereji ± SD) (Chithunzi 2b). Popeza kulemera kwa thupi la makoswe owonekera ndi kofanana ndipo kusiyana kwa makulidwe a minofu ya mutu sikungatheke, SAR yeniyeni ya ACx kapena madera ena a cortical ikuyembekezeka kukhala yofanana kwambiri pakati pa nyama imodzi yowonekera ndi ina.
Pambuyo poika chilondacho pamalo okhudzidwa, nyama zinapatsidwa ketamine (20 mg/kg, ip) ndi xylazine (4 mg/kg, ip) mpaka palibe mayendedwe osinthika omwe adawonedwa atakanikiza phazi lakumbuyo. Mankhwala oletsa ululu am'deralo (Xylocain 2%) adabayidwa pansi pa khungu ndi minofu ya temporalis pamwamba pa chigaza, ndipo nyamazo zidayikidwa pamakina otenthetsera opanda chitsulo. Pambuyo poyika nyamayo mu chimango cha stereotaxic, craniotomy idachitika pamwamba pa cortex yakumanzere. Monga momwe tidachitira kale, kuyambira pa malo olumikizirana mafupa a parietal ndi temporal, kutsegulako kunali 9 mm mulifupi ndi 5 mm kutalika. Dura pamwamba pa ACx idachotsedwa mosamala pansi pa binocular control popanda kuwononga mitsempha yamagazi. Pamapeto pa njirayi, maziko adamangidwa mu simenti ya acrylic ya mano kuti mutu wa nyamayo ukhazikike mwangozi panthawi yojambulira. Ikani chimango cha stereotaxic chothandizira nyamayo mu chipinda chochepetsera ululu (IAC, chitsanzo cha AC1).
Deta inapezedwa kuchokera ku zolemba za mayunitsi ambiri mu primary auditory cortex ya makoswe 20, kuphatikizapo nyama 10 zomwe zinachiritsidwa kale ndi LPS. Zolemba zakunja kwa maselo zinapezedwa kuchokera ku ma electrode 16 a tungsten (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) okhala ndi mizere iwiri ya ma electrode 8 omwe ali ndi mtunda wa 1000 µm (350 µm pakati pa ma electrode omwe ali pamzere womwewo). Waya wasiliva (ø: 300 µm) woti ukhazikike unayikidwa pakati pa fupa la temporal ndi contralateral dura. Malo oyerekezeredwa a primary ACx ndi 4-7 mm kumbuyo kwa bregma ndi 3 mm ventral kupita ku supratemporal suture. Chizindikiro chosaphika chinakulitsidwa nthawi 10,000 (TDT Medusa) kenako nkukonzedwa ndi multi-channel data acquisition system (RX5, TDT). Zizindikiro zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku electrode iliyonse zinasefedwa (610–10,000 Hz) kuti zichotse ntchito ya mayunitsi ambiri. (MUA). Magawo a trigger adakhazikitsidwa mosamala pa electrode iliyonse (ndi olemba anzawo omwe adawona kuti palibe chomwe chikuchitika kapena chomwe chikuwoneka mwachinyengo) kuti asankhe mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yochitapo kanthu kuchokera ku chizindikirocho. Kuyang'ana ma waveforms pa intaneti komanso kunja kwa intaneti kunawonetsa kuti MUA yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa pano inali ndi mphamvu zochita zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma neuron 3 mpaka 6 pafupi ndi ma electrodes. Kumayambiriro kwa kuyesa kulikonse, tidakhazikitsa malo a electrode array kuti mizere iwiri ya ma electrode asanu ndi atatu athe kuyesa ma neuron, kuyambira mayankho otsika mpaka okwera kwambiri akachitidwa mu rostral orientation.
Zolimbikitsa ma acoustic zinapangidwa mu Matlab, n’kutumizidwa ku RP2.1 based sound delivery system (TDT) ndipo zinatumizidwa ku Fostex loudspeaker (FE87E). Loudspeaker inayikidwa 2 cm kuchokera ku khutu lamanja la khoswe, pomwe loudspeaker inapanga flat frequency spectrum (± 3 dB) pakati pa 140 Hz ndi 36 kHz. Kuyesa kwa loudspeaker kunachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso ndi ma toni oyera omwe anajambulidwa ndi maikolofoni ya Bruel ndi Kjaer 4133 yolumikizidwa ndi preamplifier B&K 2169 ndi digito recorder Marantz PMD671. Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) inapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito ma frequency 97 a gamma-tone, omwe amaphimba ma octaves 8 (0.14–36 kHz), omwe amaperekedwa motsatira dongosolo pa 75 dB SPL pa 4.15 Hz. Frequency Response Area (FRA) imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito ma toni omwewo ndipo amaperekedwa motsatira dongosolo pa 2 Hz kuyambira 75 mpaka 5 dB SPL. Frequency iliyonse imaperekedwa kasanu ndi katatu pa mphamvu iliyonse.
Mayankho ku zolimbikitsa zachilengedwe adayesedwanso. Mu kafukufuku wakale, tidawona kuti mawu a makoswe nthawi zambiri sankapereka mayankho amphamvu mu ACx, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa neuronal optimum (BF), pomwe ma xenograft-specific (monga, kuimba kwa mbalame kapena Guinea pig) nthawi zambiri amakhala mapu onse a toni. Chifukwa chake, tidayesa mayankho a cortical ku mawu mu Guinea pig (mluzu womwe unagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 36 udalumikizidwa ndi 1 s ya zolimbikitsa, zomwe zidaperekedwa nthawi 25).

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